Low affinity nerve growth factor receptor

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nerve growth factor receptor (TNFR superfamily, member 16)
PDB rendering based on 1sg1.
Available structures: 1sg1
Identifiers
Symbol(s)	NGFR; CD271; TNFRSF16; p75(NTR)
External IDs	OMIM: 162010 MGI: 97323 HomoloGene: 1877
Gene ontology Molecular Function: • death receptor activity • protein binding Cellular Component: • plasma membrane • integral to plasma membrane Biological Process: • apoptosis • induction of apoptosis • signal transduction • multicellular organismal development • axon guidance • central nervous system development • cell differentiation
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
	Human	Mouse
Entrez	4804	18053
Ensembl	ENSG00000064300	ENSMUSG00000000120
Uniprot	P08138	Q8BYY1
Refseq	NM_002507 (mRNA) NP_002498 (protein)	NM_033217 (mRNA) NP_150086 (protein)
Location	Chr 17: 44.93 - 44.95 Mb	Chr 11: 95.38 - 95.4 Mb
Pubmed search	[1]	[2]

The Low Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor (also called the LNGFR or p75 neurotrophin receptor) is one of the two receptor types for the neurotrophins, a family of protein growth factors which stimulate neuronal cells to survive and differentiate. The precise function of the LNGFR is somewhat controversial, in contrast to the function of the high-affinity receptor family for the neurotrophins, the Trk receptor tyrosine kinases such as TrkA.

[edit] The Neurotrophins

The neurotrophins are comprised of four proteins, all of which bind to the LNGFR: Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4.

Nerve growth factor, the prototypical growth factor, is a protein secreted by a neuron's target. NGF is critical for the survival and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons. NGF is released from the target cells, binds to and activates its high affinity receptor (TrkA), and is internalized into the responsive neuron. The NGF/TrkA complex is subsequently trafficked back to the cell body. This movement of NGF from axon tip to soma is thought to be involved in the long-distance signaling of neurons.

The activation of TrkA by NGF is critical in inducing the survival and differentiation caused by this growth factor.

However, NGF binds at least two receptors on the surface of cells which are capable of responding to this growth factor, TrkA (pronounced "Track A") and the LNGFR.

[edit] The Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases

TrkA is a receptor tyrosine kinase (meaning it mediates its actions by causing the addition of phosphate molecules on certain tyrosines in the cell, activating cellular signaling). There are other related Trk receptors, TrkB and TrkC. Also, there are other neurotrophic factors structurally related to NGF: BDNF (for Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor), NT-3 (for Neurotrophin-3) and NT-4 (for Neurotrophin-4). While TrkA mediates the effects of NGF, TrkB binds and is activated by BDNF, NT-4, and NT-3, and TrkC binds and is activated only by NT-3.

[edit] The role of the LNGFR

As opposed to TrkA, the LNGFR plays a somewhat less clear role in NGF biology. Some researchers have shown the LNGFR binds and serves as a "sink" for neurotrophins. Cells which express both the LNGFR and the Trk receptors might therefore have a greater activity - since they have a higher "microconcentration" of the neurotrophin. It has also been shown, however, that in the absence of a co-expressed TrkA, the LNGFR may signal a cell to die via apoptosis - so therefore cells expressing the LNGFR in the absence of Trk receptors may die rather than live in the presence of a neurotrophin.^[1]

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• MeSH Nerve+Growth+Factor+Receptor,+Low-Affinity