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m · v · sz Az alkaloidok típusai |
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m · v · sz A fehérjealkotó aminosavak |
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m · v · sz Középkori műtéti anesztézia |
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m · v · sz Fő biokémiai vegyületcsaládok |
Peptidek · Aminsavak · Nucleinsavak · Szénhidrátok · Lipidek · Terpének · Karotinoidok · Tetrapirrolok · Enzim kofaktorok · Szteroidok · Flavonoidok · Alkaloidok · Poliketidek · Glikozidok |
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m · v · sz Biochemical Family Templates |
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m·v·sz Biological tissue |
Állatok : Epithelium – Connective – Muscular – Nervous
Plants : Dermal – Vascular – Ground
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m · v · sz General subfields within biology |
Anatomy – Astrobiology – Biochemistry – Bioinformatics – Botany – Cell biology – Ecology – Developmental biology – Evolutionary biology – Genetics – Genomics – Marine biology – Human biology – Microbiology – Molecular biology – Origin of life – Paleontology – Parasitology – Pathology – Physiology – Taxonomy – Zoology |
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m · v · sz A szénhidrátok típusai: |
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m · v · sz A karotinoidok típusai |
Xanthophylls: |
Lutein |
Carotenes: |
Lycopene |
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m·v·sz Genetics: chromosomes |
Karyotype – Ploidy – Meiosis
Classification: Autosome – Sex chromosome
Evolution: Chromosomal inversion – Chromosomal translocation – Polyploidy – Paleopolyploidy
Structure: Chromatin (Euchromatin, Heterochromatin) - Nucleosome - Histone (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4) - Centromere – Telomere – Chromatid
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{{{Name}}}
Discovery of the DNA Double Helix
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{{{Caption}}}
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William Astbury |
Oswald Avery |
Francis Crick |
Erwin Chargaff |
Max Delbrück |
Jerry Donohue |
Rosalind Franklin |
Phoebus Levene |
Linus Pauling |
Alec Stokes |
James Watson |
Maurice Wilkins |
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{{{Name}}}
Discovery of the DNA Double Helix
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[[Image:{{{Photo}}}|154px]]
{{{Caption}}}
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Francis Crick |
Rosalind Franklin |
James Watson |
Maurice Wilkins |
Cavendish Laboratory |
King's College London |
Photo 51 |
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{{{Name}}}
Discovery of the DNA Double Helix
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Francis Crick |
Rosalind Franklin |
James Watson |
Maurice Wilkins |
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m · v · sz Types of Enzyme Cofactors |
All B vitamins · All D vitamins |
Retinol (A) |
Thiamine (B1) · Riboflavin (B2) · Niacin (B3) · Pantothenic acid (B5) · Pyridoxine (B6) · Biotin (B7) · Choline (vitamin-like) · Folic acid (B9) · Cyanocobalamin (B12) |
Ascorbic acid (C) |
Ergocalciferol (D2) · Cholecalciferol (D3) · Tocopherol (E) · Naphthoquinone (K) |
Metals: Copper · Vas · Magnézium · Manganese · Nickel · Zinc |
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m · v · sz A flavonoidok fajtái |
Flavones: |
Luteolin ·Apigenin |
Isoflavones: |
Genistein ·Daidzein |
Flavonols: |
Myricetin ·Quercetin ·Kaempferol |
Flavanones: |
Hesperetin ·Naringenin |
Flavan-3-ols: |
Catechin ·Epicatechin ·Epigallocatechin |
Anthocyanidins: |
Cyanidin ·Malvidin ·Delphinidin |
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Types of fruits |
Berries | Drupes | Pomes | Aggregate fruits | Multiple fruits | False berries | Accessory fruit |
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en:Template:Genarch |
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m · v · sz The development of phenotype |
Key concepts |
Genotype-phenotype distinction · Norms of reaction · Gene-environment interaction · Heritability · Quantitative genetics |
Genetic architecture |
Dominance relationship · Epistasis · Polygenic inheritance · Pleiotropy · Plasticity · Canalisation · Fitness landscape |
Non-genetic influences |
Epigenetics · Maternal effect · Dual inheritance theory |
Developmental architecture |
Segmentation · Modularity |
Evolution of genetic systems |
Evolvability · Mutational robustness · Evolution of sex |
Influential figures |
C. H. Waddington · Richard Lewontin |
Debates |
Nature versus nurture |
List of evolutionary biology topics |
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en:Template:Genetics glossary |
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A-F
Adenine
One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA or RNA; pairs with thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA.
Allele
One of multiple alternative forms of a single gene, each of which is a viable DNA sequence occupying a given position, or locus on a chromosome. For example, in humans, one allele of the eye-color gene produces blue eyes and another allele of the eye-color gene produces brown eyes.
Base pair
A pair of nucleotide bases on complementary DNA or RNA strands organized in a double helix.
Chromosome
A molecular "package" for carrying DNA in cells, organized as two double-helical DNA molecules that encode many genes. Some simple organisms have only one chromosome made of circular DNA, while most eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes made of linear DNA.
Cytosine
One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA or RNA; pairs with guanine.
DNA
A polymeric molecule made of deoxyribonucleotides, hence then name deoxyribonucleic acid. Most often has the form of a "double helix", which consists of two paired DNA molecules and resembles a ladder that has been twisted. The "rungs" of the ladder are made of base pairs, or nucleotides with complementary hydrogen bonding patterns.
G-Z
Gene
The unit of heredity in living organisms, typically encoded in a sequence of nucleotide monomers that make up a long strand of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. A particular gene can have multiple different forms, or alleles, which are defined by different sequences of DNA.
Gene expression
The process in which the infomation encoded in a gene is converted into a form useful for the cell. The first step is transcription, which produces a messenger RNA molecule complementary to the DNA molecule on which a gene is encoded. For protein-coding genes, the second step is translation, in which the messenger RNA is read by the ribosome to produce a protein.
Genetics
The field of biology that studies genes and their inheritance.
Genome
The total complement of genetic material contained in an organism or cell.
Genotype
The complement of alleles present in a particular individual's genome that give rise to the individual's phenotype.
Guanine
One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA or RNA; pairs with cytosine.
Phenotype
The observable physical or behavioral traits of an organism, largely determined by the organism's genotype.
A linear polymeric molecule made of of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Proteins carry out the majority of chemical reactions that occur inside the cell.
RNA
A polymeric molecule made of ribonucleotides, hence the name ribonucleic acid, similar to but less stable than DNA. One type, messenger RNA, plays an important role in gene expression. Ribosomes are also made largely of RNA.
Thymine
One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA; pairs with adenine. In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil.
Transcription
The first step in gene expression, in which a messenger RNA molecule complementary to particular gene encoded in DNA is synthesized by enzymes called RNA polymerases. To produce a functional protein, transcription is followed by translation.
Translation
The second step in gene expression, in which a messenger RNA molecule is read by the ribosome to produce a functional protein. Translation is always preceded by transcription.
One of the four nucleotide bases in RNA; pairs with adenine. In DNA, uracil is replaced with thymine.
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m·v·sz Subfields of genetics |
Classical genetics – Ecological genetics – Molecular genetics – Population genetics – Quantitative genetics
Related topics: Geneticist – Genomics – Medical genetics – Reverse genetics – Molecular evolution
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Genomics topics |
Genome project | Paleopolyploidy | Glycomics | Human Genome Project | Proteomics |
Chemogenomics | Structural genomics | Pharmacogenetics | Pharmacogenomics | Toxicogenomics |
Bioinformatics | Cheminformatics | Systems biology |
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m·v·sz Proteins: globulins |
Lactoglobulin (Lactoferrin) -
Thyroglobulin
Serum: Alpha globulins - Beta globulins - Gamma globulin (Immunoglobulins) – Fibronectins - Macroglobulins - Transcobalamins
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DNA structure research at King's College London 1947-1959 |
Rosalind Franklin | Raymond Gosling | John Randall | Alec Stokes | Maurice Wilkins | Herbert Wilson |
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Butterflies: - Hedyloidea - Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea
Moths: - Acanthopteroctetoidea - Agathiphagoidea - Alucitoidea - Andesianoidea - Axioidea - Bombycoidea - Calliduloidea - Choreutoidea - Copromorphoidea - Cossoidea - Drepanoidea - Epermenioidea - Eriocranioidea - Galacticoidea - Gelechioidea - Geometroidea - Gracillarioidea - Hepialoidea - Heterobathmioidea - Hyblaeoidea - Immoidea - Incurvarioidea - Lasiocampoidea - Lophocoronoidea - Micropterigoidea - Mimallonoidea - Mnesarchaeoidea - Neopseustoidea - Nepticuloidea - Noctuoidea - Palaephatoidea - Pterophoroidea - Pyraloidea - Schreckensteinioidea - Sesioidea - Simaethistoidea - Thyridoidea - Tineoidea - Tischerioidea - Tortricoidea - Urodoidea - Whalleyanoidea - Yponomeutoidea - Zygaenoidea
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en:Template:Lipids |
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m · v · sz A lipidek típusai |
General: |
Saturated fat · Unsaturated fat · Monounsaturated fat · Polyunsaturated fat |
Geometry: |
Trans fat · Omega-3 fatty acid · Omega-6 fatty acid · Omega-9 fatty acid |
Phospholipids: |
Phosphatidylserine · Phosphatidylinositol · Phosphatidyl ethanolamine · Cardiolipin · Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine |
Eicosanoids: |
Arachidonic acid · Prostaglandin · Prostacyclin · Thromboxane · Leukotriene |
Fatty acids: |
Lauric acid · Palmitic acid · Myristic acid · Stearic acid · Caprylic acid |
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m·v·sz Topics in molecular evolution |
Topics: Models of DNA evolution | Models of protein evolution | Estimating divergence times
List of evolutionary biology topics
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Nukleobázisok: adenin – timin – uracil – guanin – citozin – purin – pirimidin |
Nukleozidok: adenozin – 5-metil-uridin – uridin – guanozin – citidin – deoxiadenozin – timidin – dezoxiuridin – dezoxiguanozin – dezoxicitidin – ribóz – dezoxiribóz |
Nukleotidok: AMP – m5UMP – UMP – GMP – CMP – ADP – m5UDP – UDP – GDP – CDP – ATP – m5UTP – UTP – GTP – CTP – cAMP – cGMP |
Dezoxinukleotidok: dAMP – dTMP – dUMP – dGMP – dCMP – dADP – dTDP – dUDP – dGDP – dCDP – dATP – dTTP – dUTP – dGTP – dCTP |
Nukleinsavak: DNS – RNS – LNS – PNS – mRNS – ncRNS – miRNS – rRNS – shRNS – siRNS – tRNS – mtDNS – oligonukleotid |
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m·v·sz Az élet eredete |
Science: Origin of life · Universal common descent · Last universal ancestor · Most recent common ancestor
Mythology and religion: Origin belief · Tree of life
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en:Template:Peptides |
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en:Template:Phylo |
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m · v · sz A poliketidek típusai |
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en:Template:Primates |
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m·v·sz Protein domains |
BZIP – DED – Kringle – PH – SH2 – SH3 – zinc finger – coiled coil – helix bundle – globin fold – twisted open sheet – alpha/beta barrels – up and down barrel – greek key barrel – jelly roll barrel – greek key – leucine-rich repeat – beta propeller – LIM domain – C2 domain |
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Protein primary structure and posttranslational modifications |
General: |
Protein biosynthesis | Peptide bond | Proteolysis | Racemization | N-O acyl shift |
N-terminus: |
Acetylation | Formylation | Myristoylation | Pyroglutamate | methylation | glycation | myristoylation (Gly) | carbamylation |
C-terminus: |
Amidation | Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) | O-methylation | glypiation | ubiquitination | sumoylation |
Lysine: |
Methylation | Acetylation | Acylation | Hydroxylation | Ubiquitination | SUMOylation | Desmosine | deamination and oxidation to aldehyde| O-glycosylation | imine formation | glycation | carbamylation |
Cysteine: |
Disulfide bond | Prenylation | Palmitoylation |
Serine/Threonine: |
Phosphorylation | Glycosylation |
Tyrosine: |
Phosphorylation | Sulfation | porphyrin ring linkage | flavin linkage | GFP prosthetic group (Thr-Tyr-Gly sequence) formation | Lysine tyrosine quinone (LTQ) formation | Topaquinone (TPQ) formation |
Asparagine: |
Deamidation | Glycosylation |
Aspartate: |
Succinimide formation |
Glutamine: |
Transglutamination |
Glutamate: |
Carboxylation | polyglutamylation | polyglycylation |
Arginine: |
Citrullination | Methylation |
Proline: |
Hydroxylation |
←Amino acids |
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Secondary structure→ |
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Protein quaternary structure |
General: |
Globular protein | Fibrous protein | Membrane protein | Coiled coil |
Dimers: |
Leucine zipper| Tryptophan repressor | Glutathione S-transferase |
Trimers: |
Collagen | Hemagglutinin | Ornithine transcarbamylase |
Tetramers: |
Hemoglobin | IgG | Avidin | Spectrin |
Hexamers: |
DnaB helicase | Hemocyanin | Glutamate Dehydrogenase 1 |
Octamers: |
Nucleosome | Hemerythrin |
Fibrils: |
Actin | Tubulin | Flagellum | Pilus |
Complexes: |
Preinitiation complex | Immunoglobulin M |
Machines: |
Proteasome | Ribosome | ATP synthase | RNA polymerase | Spliceosome |
Virus: |
Capsid |
Precipitates: |
Salting out | Hofmeister series |
Methods: |
Ultracentrifugation | Size exclusion chromatography |
←Tertiary structure |
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Structure determination methods→ |
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Protein secondary structure |
Helices: |
α-helix | 310 helix | π-helix | β-helix | Polyproline helix | Collagen helix |
Extended: |
β-strand | Turn | Beta hairpin | Beta bulge | α-strand |
Supersecondary: |
Coiled coil | Helix-turn-helix | EF hand |
Secondary structure propensities of amino acids |
Helix-favoring: |
Methionine | Alanine | Leucine | Glutamic acid | Glutamine | Lysine |
Extended-favoring: |
Threonine | Isoleucine | Valine | Phenylalanine | Tyrosine | Tryptophan |
Disorder-favoring: |
Glycine | Serine | Proline | Asparagine | Aspartic acid |
No preference: |
Cysteine | Histidine | Arginine |
←Primary structure |
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Tertiary structure→ |
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Protein structure determination methods |
High resolution: |
X-ray crystallography | NMR | Electron crystallography |
Medium resolution: |
Cryo-electron microscopy | Fiber diffraction | Mass spectrometry |
Spectroscopic: |
NMR | Circular dichroism | Absorbance | Fluorescence | Fluorescence anisotropy |
Translational Diffusion: |
Analytical ultracentrifugation | Size exclusion chromatography | Light scattering | NMR |
Rotational Diffusion: |
Fluorescence anisotropy | Flow birefringence | Dielectric relaxation | NMR |
Chemical: |
Hydrogen-deuterium exchange | Site-directed mutagenesis | Chemical modification |
Thermodynamic: |
Equilibrium unfolding |
Computational: |
Protein structure prediction | Molecular docking |
←Tertiary structure |
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Quaternary structure→ |
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Protein tertiary structure |
General: |
Structural domain | Protein folding |
All-α folds: |
Helix bundle | Globin fold | Homeodomain fold | Alpha solenoid |
All-β folds: |
Immunoglobulin fold | Beta barrel | Beta-propeller domain |
α/β folds: |
TIM barrel | Leucine-rich repeat | Flavodoxin fold | Thioredoxin fold | Trefoil knot fold |
α+β folds: |
Ferredoxin fold | Ribonuclease A | SH2-like fold |
Irregular folds: |
Conotoxin |
←Secondary structure |
Structure determination methods |
Quaternary structure→ |
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Sablon:Edit
Topics in quantitative genetics |
heritability | quantitative trait locus | candidate gene | effective population size |
Related topics: population genetics | genomics |
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Double Helix
Discovery |
William Astbury |
Oswald Avery |
Francis Crick |
Erwin Chargaff |
Max Delbrück |
Jerry Donohue |
Rosalind Franklin |
Raymond Gosling |
Phoebus Levene |
Linus Pauling |
Sir John Randall |
Erwin Schrödinger |
Alec Stokes |
James Watson |
Maurice Wilkins |
Herbert Wilson |
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DNA pioneers |
William Astbury |
Oswald Avery |
Erwin Chargaff |
Max Delbrück |
Jerry Donohue |
Raymond Gosling |
Phoebus Levene |
Linus Pauling |
Sir John Randall |
Erwin Schrödinger |
Alec Stokes |
Herbert Wilson |
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Basic concepts: species | chronospecies | speciation | cline |
Modes of speciation: allopatric | peripatric | parapatric | sympatric | poliploidia | paleopolyploidy |
Auxiliary mechanisms: sexual selection | assortative mating | punctuated equilibrium |
Intermediate stages: hybrid | Haldane's rule | gyűrűfaj |
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m · v · sz A szteroidok típusai |
Precursors: |
Squalene · Lanosterol |
Common: |
Cholesterol · Pregnenolone · 17-Hydroxypregnenolone · DHEA · Androstenedione · Androstanediol |
Estrogens: |
Estradiol · Estriol · Estrone |
Androgens: |
Testosterone · Dihydrotestosterone · Androsterone |
Progestagens: |
Progesterone · 17-Hydroxyprogesterone · Progestins |
Glucocorticoids: |
Prednisone |
Mineralocorticoids: |
Aldosterone |
Phytosterols: |
Stigmasterol · Brassicasterol |
Ergosterols: |
Ergosterol · Ergocalciferol |
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m·v·sz Terminology |
*Receptor:The receiving molecule that primarily binds to a small-molecule or another protein or a nucleic acid.
- Ligand:A molecule that forms the complementary partner in the docking process.
- Pose:A conformation of the receptor and ligand molecules showing some intermolecular interactions (which may include hydrogen bonds as well as hydrophobic contacts.
- Posing:The process of searching for a pose in which there are favorable interactions between the receptor and the ligand molecules.
- Scoring:The process of evaluating a particular pose using a number of descriptive features like number of intermolecular interactions including hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts. (See scoring function).
- Ranking:The process of classifying which of the ligands bind favorably to a particular receptor, evaluating and analyzing the free-energy of binding.
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m · v · sz A terpének fontosabb képviselői |
Hemiterpenoids: |
Isoprene · Prenol · Isovaleric acid |
Monoterpenoids: |
Geranyl pyrophosphate · Eucalyptol · Limonene · Pinene |
Sesquiterpenoids: |
Farnesyl pyrophosphate · Artemisinin · Bisabolol |
Diterpenoids: |
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate · Retinol · Retinal · Phytol · Taxol · Forskolin · Aphidicolin |
Triterpenoids: |
Squalene · Lanosterol |
Tetraterpenoids: |
Lycopene · Carotene |
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m · v · sz A tetrapirrolok típusai |
Bilanes: |
Bilirubin · Biliverdin · Urobilinogen · Urobilin |
Chlorophylls: |
Protochlorophyllide · Chlorophyllide |
Corrinoids: |
Cyanocobalamin |
Phycobilins: |
Phycoerythrobilin · Phycocyanobilin · Phycourobilin · Phycoviolobilin |
Porphyrins: |
Coproporphyrinogen · Protoporphyrin · Uroporphyrinogen |
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m·v·sz Zoos, Aquaria and Aviaries |
Zoo • Public aquarium • Aviary • Menagerie • Tourist attraction
List of zoos • List of aquaria • List of zoo associations
Animals in captivity • Environmental enrichment • Endangered species • Conservation biology • Biodiversity • Endangered species • Extinction • Ex-situ conservation • In-situ conservation • Wildlife conservation • Zoology
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