Galanin receptor 2

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Galanin receptor 2

Identifiers

GALR2; GALNR2; MGC125983; MGC125984

External IDs

OMIM: 603691 MGI: 1337018 HomoloGene: 2863

Gene ontology
Molecular Function:	• rhodopsin-like receptor activity • receptor activity • galanin receptor activity
Cellular Component:	• plasma membrane • integral to membrane
Biological Process:	• muscle contraction • G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway • G-protein signaling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger • elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration • synaptic transmission • multicellular organismal development • digestion • learning and/or memory • feeding behavior • neurite development

RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data

Orthologs

Human

Mouse

Refseq

NM_003857 (mRNA)
NP_003848 (protein)

NM_010254 (mRNA)
NP_034384 (protein)

Location

Chr 17: 71.58 - 71.59 Mb

Chr 11: 116.1 - 116.1 Mb

Pubmed search

[1]

[2]

Galanin receptor 2, also known as GALR2, is a human gene.^[1]

Galanin is an important neuromodulator present in the brain, gastrointestinal system, and hypothalamopituitary axis. It is a 30-amino acid non-C-terminally amidated peptide that potently stimulates growth hormone secretion, inhibits cardiac vagal slowing of heart rate, abolishes sinus arrhythmia, and inhibits postprandial gastrointestinal motility. The actions of galanin are mediated through interaction with specific membrane receptors that are members of the 7-transmembrane family of G protein-coupled receptors. GALR2 interacts with the N-terminal residues of the galanin peptide. The primary signaling mechanism for GALR2 is through the phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway (via Gq), in contrast to GALR1, which communicates its intracellular signal by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through Gi. However, it has been demonstrated that GALR2 couples efficiently to both the Gq and Gi proteins to simultaneously activate 2 independent signal transduction pathways.^[1]

[edit] See also

Galanin receptor

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b Entrez Gene: GALR2 galanin receptor 2.

[edit] Further reading

Bloomquist BT, Beauchamp MR, Zhelnin L, et al. (1998). "Cloning and expression of the human galanin receptor GalR2.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243 (2): 474–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8133. PMID 9480833.
Fathi Z, Battaglino PM, Iben LG, et al. (1998). "Molecular characterization, pharmacological properties and chromosomal localization of the human GALR2 galanin receptor.". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 58 (1-2): 156–69. PMID 9685625.
Kolakowski LF, O'Neill GP, Howard AD, et al. (1998). "Molecular characterization and expression of cloned human galanin receptors GALR2 and GALR3.". J. Neurochem. 71 (6): 2239–51. PMID 9832121.
Borowsky B, Walker MW, Huang LY, et al. (1999). "Cloning and characterization of the human galanin GALR2 receptor.". Peptides 19 (10): 1771–81. PMID 9880084.
Berger A, Tuechler C, Almer D, et al. (2002). "Elevated expression of galanin receptors in childhood neuroblastic tumors.". Neuroendocrinology 75 (2): 130–8. PMID 11867941.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.
Berger A, Lang R, Moritz K, et al. (2004). "Galanin receptor subtype GalR2 mediates apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.". Endocrinology 145 (2): 500–7. doi:10.1210/en.2003-0649. PMID 14592962.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMID 15489334.
Belfer I, Hipp H, Bollettino A, et al. (2007). "Alcoholism is associated with GALR3 but not two other galanin receptor genes.". Genes Brain Behav. 6 (5): 473–81. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00275.x. PMID 17083333.

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v • d • e Transmembrane receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin like	Acetylcholine (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) - Adrenergic (α1 (A, B, D), α2 (A, B, C), β1, β2, β3) - Adrenomedullin - Anaphylatoxin (C3a, C5a) - Angiotensin (1, 2) - Apelin - Bile acid - Bombesin (BRS3, GRPR, NMBR) - Bradykinin (B1, B2) - Cannabinoid (CB1, CB2) - Chemokine - Cholecystokinin (A, B) - Dopamine (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) - Eicosanoid (CysLT (1, 2), LTB4 (1, 2), FPRL1, OXE, Prostaglandin ((DP (1, 2), EP (1, 2, 3, 4), PGF, Prostacyclin, Thromboxane) - EBI2 - Endothelin (A, B) - Estrogen - Formyl peptide (1, L1, L2) - Free fatty acid (1, 2, 3, 4) - FSH - Galanin (1, 2, 3) - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1, 2) - GPR (1, 3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44, 45, 50, 52, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 101, 103, 119, 120, 132, 135, 139, 141, 142, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161, 162, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182) - Ghrelin - Histamine (H1, H2, H3, H4) - Kisspeptin - Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin - Lysophospholipid (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) - MAS (1, 1L, D, E, F, G, X1, X2, X3, X4) - Melanocortin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) - MCHR (1, 2) - Melatonin (1A, 1B)- Motilin - neuromedin (B, U (1, 2)) - Neuropeptide (B/W (1, 2), FF (1, 2), S, Y (1, 2, 4, 5)) - Neurotensin (1, 2) - Opioid (Delta, Kappa, Mu, Nociceptin, but not Sigma) - Olfactory - Opsin (3, 4, 5, 1LW, 1MW, 1SW, RGR, RRH) - Orexin (1, 2) - Oxytocin - Oxoglutarate - PAF - Prokineticin (1, 2) - Prolactin-releasing peptide - Protease-activated (1, 2, 3, 4) - Purinergics (Adenosine (A1, A2a, A2b, A3), P2Y, (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)) - Relaxin (1, 2, 3, 4) - Somatostatin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) - Serotonin, all but 5-HT3 (5-HT1 (A, B, D, E, F), 5-HT2 (A, B, C), 5-HT (4, 5A, 6, 7)) - SREB - Succinate - TAAR (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9) - Tachykinin (1, 2, 3) - Thyrotropin - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone - Urotensin-II - Vasopressin (1A, 1B, 2)

Class B: Secretin like	Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (1, 2, 3) - Cadherin (1, 2, 3) - Calcitonin - CD97 - Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1, 2) - EMR (1, 2, 3) - Glucagon (GR, GIPR, GLP1R, GLP2R) - Growth hormone releasing hormone - PACAPR1- GPR (56, 64, 97, 98, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 133, 143, 144, 157) - Latrophilin (1, 2, 3, ELTD1) - Parathyroid hormone (1, 2) - Secretin - Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1, 2)

Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone	Calcium-sensing receptor - GABA B (1, 2) - Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)) - GPRC6A - GPR (156, 158, 179) - RAIG (1, 2, 3, 4) - Taste receptors (TAS1R (1, 2, 3) TAS2R (1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50))

Frizzled / Smoothened	Frizzled (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) - Smoothened