کاناډا
د Wikipedia لخوا
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| Motto: (in Latin) A Mari Usque Ad Mare (From Sea to Sea) |
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| ملي ترانه: O Canada (Royal anthem: God Save the Queen) |
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| پلازمېنه | Ottawa |
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| لوی ښار | Toronto | ||||
| (رسمي ژبه/ ژبې) | English and French | ||||
| حکومت
Monarch Governor General لومړی وزير |
Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy Queen Elizabeth II Michaëlle Jean Stephen Harper |
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| خپلواکي - BNA Act - Statute of Westminster - Canada Act |
From the United Kingdom July 1, 1867 December 11, 1931 April 17, 1982 |
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| مساحت • ټولټال • اوبه (%) |
9,984,670 km² 2nd 3,855,103 mi² 8.92 (891,163 km²) |
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| د وګړو شمېر • 2006 est. • 2001 census • ګڼه ګونه |
32.4 million (37th) 30,007,094 3.3/km² (185th) 8.5/mi² |
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| GDP (PPP) • ټولټال • Per capita |
2005 estimate $1.077 trillion (11th) $32,800 (6th) |
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| HDI (2003) | 0.949 (5th) – high | ||||
| پېسه | کاناډايي ډالر ($) (CAD) |
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| د ساعت توپير • Summer (DST) |
(UTC-3.5 to -8) (UTC-2.5 to -7) |
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| د انټرنېت م.م(TLD) | .ca | ||||
| هېوادنی کوډ | {{{هېوادنی کوډ}}} | ||||
| ټيليفوني پېل ګڼ | +1 |
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| {{{پايڅوړ}}} | |||||
کينډۍ:Otheruses
کاناډا (کينډۍ:IPAEng) د سهېلي امريکا د لويې وچې يو داسې هېواد دی چې د هماغې لويې وچې ډېرۍ برخه همدا هېواد جوړوي. همدا هېواد په خپل ختيځ کې د اطلس سمندر نه نيولې تر لويدځ پورې د آرام سمندر پورې غځېدلې دی او د سهېل لورې ته د سهېلي قطبي سمندر پورې زمکه همدغه هېواد په ځان کې رانغاړي. د ارتوالي له مخې دا د نړۍ دويم لوی هېواد دی[1]. د کاناډا سوېل او سهېل لوېديځ لور ته د امريکا د متحده ايالاتو هېواد پروت دی.
نيوليک |
[سمادول] د کاناډا نوم
[سمادول] تاريخ
[سمادول] حکومت
[سمادول] بهرنۍ اړيکې
[سمادول] پوځ
[سمادول] Provinces and territories
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انځور:Canada arm2.jpg
View of the Canadarm during a Space Shuttle mission.
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[سمادول] جغرافيه او اقليم
- Main article: د کاناډا جغرافيه
Canada occupies the northern portion of North America. It shares land borders with the contiguous United States to the south and with Alaska to the northwest, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean. Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60° and 141° W longitude ([1]); this claim is not universally recognized. The northernmost settlement in Canada (and in the world) is Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island – latitude 82.5° N – just 834 kilometres (450 nautical miles) from the North Pole. Canada is the world's second-largest country in total area, after Russia.
The population density of 3.5 people per square kilometre (9.1/mi²) is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor in the southeast. To the north of this region is the broad Canadian Shield, an area of rock scoured clean by the last ice age, thinly soiled, rich in minerals, and dotted with lakes and rivers — more than 60% of the world's lakes are in Canada.
Newfoundland is at the mouth of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the world's largest estuary. The Canadian Maritimes protrude eastward from the southern coasts of Quebec. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are divided by the Bay of Fundy, which experiences the world's largest tidal variations. West of Ontario, the broad, flat Canadian Prairies spread toward the Rocky Mountains, which separate them from British Columbia.
Northern Canadian vegetation tapers from coniferous forests to tundra and finally to Arctic barrens in the far north. The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast archipelago containing some of the world's largest islands.
Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada range depending on the location. Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the Prairie provinces where daily average temperatures are near -15 °C (5 °F) Coastal British Columbia is an exception and it enjoys a temperate climate with a mild and rainy winter.
Average summer high temperatures across Canada range depending on the location. On the east and west coast average high temperatures are in the low 20s °C (68-74°F), while in between the coasts the average summer high temperature range between 25°C to 30°C (78-86°F). For a more complete description of climate across Canada Environment Canada's Website.
[سمادول] اقتصاد
- Main articles: د کاناډا اقتصاد, Economic history of Canada
An affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles the U.S. in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. In the last century, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. Canada has vast deposits of natural gas on the east coast and in the west, and a plethora of other natural resources contributing to self-sufficiency in energy. The 1989 Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which included Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the U.S. Since 2001, Canada has successfully avoided economic recession and has maintained the best overall economic performance in the G8.
[سمادول] Demographics
- Main articles: Demographics of Canada, List of Canadians by ethnicity
The 2001 national census recorded 30,007,094 people; as of January 2006, the population is estimated by Statistics Canada to be 32.4 million people[2], an increase of some 2.4 million people accomplished largely by immigration and (to a lesser extent) natural growth. About three-quarters of Canada's population live within 150 kilometres (95 mi) of the U.S. border. A similar proportion live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor (notably the Toronto-Hamilton, Montréal, and Ottawa metropolitan areas), the BC Lower Mainland, and the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor in Alberta.
Canada is a very ethnically diverse nation. According to the 2001 census by Statcan it has 34 ethnic groups with at least one hundred thousand members each, and numerous others represented in smaller amounts. A majority of Canadians descend from white European immigrants who arrived in increasing numbers until WWI. This majority--86.9% in 2001, is growing slower than the rest of the population. The most frequently stated white European ancestries are English (19.2%), French (15.7%), Scottish (14%), Irish (12.9%), German (9.0%), and Italian (4.3%)[3].
Throughout and since the world wars, immigration to Canada has fluctuated somewhat but become more heterogeneous in makeup. In 2001, 13.4% of the population belonged to visible minorities: most numerous among these are Chinese (3.5% of the population), South Asian (3.1%), Black (2.2%), and Filipino (1.0%). کينډۍ:See
[سمادول] Aboriginal peoples
- Main article: Aboriginal peoples in Canada
The Constitution Act of 1982 recognizes three groups of aboriginal peoples in Canada: the "Indians" (their legal designation, but now usually called First Nations), Inuit, and Métis. The aboriginal population is growing almost twice as fast as the rest of the population in Canada. According to the Canada 2001 Census, people identified themselves as aboriginal numbered 976,305 people (or 3.3% of Canada's population) of whom about 62% are First Nations, 30% are Métis, and 5% are Inuit.
[سمادول] مذهب
- Main article: د کاناډا مذهب
According to the last census [4]77.1% of Canadians identified as being Christians; of this, Catholics make up the largest group – 43.6% of Canadians. About 17% of Canadians declared no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6.3% were affiliated with religions other than Christianity such as Sikhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and Islam.
[سمادول] ژبې
- Main articles: د کاناډا ژبې, Bilingualism in Canada
Canada's two official languages are English and French, spoken by 56.3% and 28.7% of the population respectively. On July 7, 1969, under the Official Languages Act, French was made commensurate to English throughout the federal government. This started a process that led to Canada redefining itself as a bilingual and multicultural nation.
English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. The public has the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French. While multiculturalism is official policy, to become a citizen one must be able to speak either English or French and more than 98% of Canadians speak English or French or both. While the nation remains officially bilingual, the majority of Canadians are fluent only in English.
French is mostly spoken in Quebec with pockets in New Brunswick, eastern and northern Ontario, Saskatchewan, the south shore of Nova Scotia and southern Manitoba. Of those who speak French as a first language, 85% live in Quebec.
Several aboriginal languages have official status in Northwest Territories. Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut and has official status there. Non-official languages are also important in Canada, with 5,470,820 people listing a non-official language as a first language. (The above three statistics include those who listed more than one first language.) Among the most important non-official first language groups are Chinese (853,745 first-language speakers), Italian (469,485), German (438,080), and Punjabi (271,220).
[سمادول] کلتور/فرهڼ
- Main articles: د کاناډا کلتور/فرهڼ, Canadian identity
Due to its colonial past, Canadian culture has historically been heavily influenced by English, French, Irish and Scottish cultures and traditions. In more modern times, Canadian culture is now greatly influenced by American culture, due to the proximity and the migration of people, ideas, and capital.
Many American movies, authors, TV shows, and musicians are equally popular in Canada (and vice versa), many have been successful worldwide. Most cultural products of these types are now increasingly marketed toward a unified "North American" market, and not specifically a Canadian or American one.
Amidst this large American cultural presence, which has prompted some fears of a "cultural takeover", a more robust and distinct Canadian culture with unique characteristics has developed in recent years due to a focus by the federal government on programs, laws and institutions to support culture and the arts, including the CBC, the National Film Board of Canada, and the CRTC.
Many Canadian citizens see Canadian culture as based on the policy of multiculturalism, while others see it as based on a predominantly British and French core, with American and new immigrant influences and modifications. کينډۍ:See
[سمادول] Sports
- Main article: Sport in Canada
Canada's official national sports are ice hockey (winter) and lacrosse (summer), however, hockey is considerably more a part of Canadian culture, and is by far the most popular spectator sport in the country. Canada's six largest metropolitan areas have franchises in the National Hockey League, and there are more Canadian players in the league than from all other countries combined. The three major junior leagues that together comprise the Canadian Hockey League have a combined total of 49 teams in Canadian towns or cities, from all 10 provinces. There are also strong women's leagues across the country
Curling is another extremely popular winter sport in Canada, with the strongest support in the prairie provinces. At the international level, Canada has dominated the sport of curling, with 29 out of 46 Men's World Curling Championships won by Canada. Additionally, 13 out of 27 Women's World Curling Championships have gone to the Canadian side.
Canadian football, like American football, is a descendant from rugby football but evolved differently and has unique rules. The nine team Canadian Football League is the top league of the sport, and the annual Grey Cup championship game is viewed by a large television audience. Traditional football (soccer) is widely popular in youth, interscholastic, and senior leagues but not at the professional level as it is in Europe or Latin America.
As the vast majority of Canadians live in very close proximity to the United States, Canadians can also watch sporting events from the professional leagues in that country, such as NASCAR and the National Football League. The NHL and the National Lacrosse League are comprised of teams from both Canada and the United States, and Toronto currently has franchises in Major League Baseball and the National Basketball Association. Other notable participatory sports which are enjoyed throughout Canada include skating, skiing, golf, soccer, swimming, baseball and softball.
[سمادول] National symbols
The use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates back to the early 18th century, and is depicted on its current and previous flags, the penny, and on the coat of arms.
The Crown appears on the Royal Arms of Canada (displayed in many courtrooms and government websites); the Flag of the Governor General of Canada; the Coat of Arms of many provinces as well as Nunavut; the badges of the Canadian Armed Forces, many Regiments, and Police Forces; as well as some highway signs. Also, the Queen's image appears in Canadian government buildings, military installations and schools; and on Canadian stamps, $20 notes, and all coins.
Canada is known for its vast forests and mountain ranges, and the animals that reside within them, such as moose, caribou, beavers, polar bears, grizzly bears, Canada goose and the common loon. The beaver's emblematic status originated from the fact much of Canada's early economic history was tied to the fur trade. Other products made from the country's natural resources, such as maple syrup, are also strongly associated with Canadian identity.
Additional national symbols the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and anything pertaining to hockey, Canada's official winter sport, which is often used as a national symbol of unity and pride.
In recent years, other symbols have become a source of pride: notably, the I am Canadian campaign by Molson, most notably the commercial featuring Joe Canada, infused home-grown beer with nationalism. The Canadian fashion retailer Roots also sells a variety of merchandise designed to evoke nationalistic sentiment.
[سمادول] Holidays
- Main article: Holidays in Canada
Statutory and major holidays in Canada include New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Victoria Day, Canada Day, Labour Day, Thanksgiving, Remembrance Day, Christmas, and Boxing Day.
Canada's provinces and territories generally adopt statutory holidays similar to federal ones with some variations (including civic holidays), and many Canadians celebrate numerous unofficial and religious holidays as well.
[سمادول] نړېوال وېش
- A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine: Globalization Index 2005, ranked 6 out of 62 countries
- IMD International: World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005, ranked 5 out of 60 economies (countries and regions)
- The Economist: The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005, ranked 14 out of 111 countries
- Environmental Sustainability Index, 2005: 6th (out of 146); Yale University Center for Environmental Law and Policy & Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (pdf) [5]
- Press Freedom Index 2005: 21st (out of 167); Reporters Without Borders World-wide [6]
- Total value of foreign trade (imports and exports), 2003: 4th (out of 185)
- Corruption Perceptions Index 2005: 14th (out of 159); Transparency International [7]
- Index of Economic Freedom, 2005: 16th (out of 155); Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal [8]
[سمادول] سرچينې
- Bickerton, James & Gagnon, Alain-G & Gagnon, Alain (Eds). (2004). Canadian Politics, 4th edition, Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press. ISBN 1551115956.
- Bothwell, Robert (1996). History of Canada Since 1867, East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0870133993.
- Brooks, Stephen (2000). Canadian Democracy : An Introduction, 3rd edition, Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press Canada. ISBN 0195415035.
- Bumstead, J. (2004). History of the Canadian Peoples, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195416880.
- Gomery, John (2005). Who is Responsible? Phase 1 Report, Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada. ISBN 0660195321.
- Currie, Gordon (1968). 100 years of Canadian football: The dramatic history of football's first century in Canada, and the story of the Canadian Football League, Don Mills, ON: Pagurian Press. ASIN B0006CCK4G.
- Dahlitz, Julie (2003). Secession and international law : conflict avoidance - regional appraisals, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. ISBN 9067041424.
- Forsey, Eugene A. (2005). How Canadians Govern Themselves, 6th ed., Ottawa: Canada. ISBN 0-662-39689-8.
- Gruneau, Richard, Whitson, David (1994). Hockey Night in Canada: Sports, Identities, and Cultural Politics, Toronto: Garamond Press. ISBN 0920059058.
- Hanson, Warren (1999). Curling: The History, The Players, The Game, Toronto: Key Porter Books. ISBN 1552630838.
- Lamb, W. Kaye (2006). "Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
- Langlois, Nicole (ed.) (2005). The Canadian Global Almanac 2005, Toronto: John Wiley and Sons Canada. ISBN 0-470-83523-0.
- Leacy, F. H. (ed.) (1983). Historical statistics of Canada, Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
- Maxwell, Doug (2002). Canada Curls: The Illustrated History of Curling in Canada, North Vancouver, BC: Whitecap books. ISBN 1552854000.
- McFarlane, Brian (1997). Brian McFarlane's History of Hockey, Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing Inc. ISBN 1571671455.
- Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified NASCAR (2004). NASCAR Canada formed to partner with TSN. (HTML) URL accessed on 2006-02-28.
- Natural Resources Canada (2005). National Atlas of Canada, Ottawa: Information Canada. ISBN 0770511988.
- O'Brien, Steve (2004). The Canadian Football League: The Phoenix of Professional Sports Leagues, Morrisille, NC: Lulu Press. ISBN 1411613023.
- Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: Stories of Canadian Place Names, 2nd ed., Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8293-9.
- Stanford, Quentin H. (ed.) (2003). Canadian Oxford World Atlas, 5th ed., Toronto: Oxford University Press (Canada). ISBN 0-19-541897-2.
- Statistics Canada (2001). Canada Year Book, Ottawa: Queen of Canada. ISBN 0-660-18360-9.
- Stewart, Gordon T. (1996). History of Canada Before 1867, East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0870133985.
- Theberge, Nancy (2000). Higher Goals: Women's Ice Hockey and the Politics of Gender, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791446425.
[سمادول] Other references
- National Sports of Canada Act (1994). Retrieved November, 2005 from http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/sc/legislation/n-16_e.cfm.
[سمادول] دا هم وګورۍ
- List of Canada-related topics
کينډۍ:Canadian topics
[سمادول] باندنۍ تړنې
کينډۍ:Sisterlinks
| کاناډا Portal |
- Official website of the Government of Canada
- Official Government of Canada online Atlas of Canada
- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
- Canada at [[The World
Factbook]]
- Canadian Studies: A Guide to the Sources
- Statistics Canada with Canada's population clock
- The Canadian Atlas Online
[سمادول] Footnotes
- ^ United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada
- ^ United Empire Loyalists
- ^ Role and Responsibilities of the Governor General
- ^ How Canadians Govern Themselves
- ^ The Queen and Canada: 53 Years of Growing Together
کينډۍ:کاناډا کينډۍ:Canada ties کينډۍ:North America
