నికోలస్ కోపర్నికస్

వికీపీడియా నుండి

మూస:Infobox scientist

నికోలస్ కోపర్నికస్ (ఫిబ్రవరి 19, 1473 – మే 24, 1543) ప్రథమ ఖగోళ శాస్త్రజ్ఞుడు శాస్త్రీయంగా సూర్యకేంద్ర సిధ్ధాంతాన్ని నిరూపిస్తూ సిద్ధాంతీకరించాడు.

కోపర్నికస్ కంటే కొన్ని శతాబ్దాల ముందు ఎంతోమంది భారతీయ, గ్రీకు మరియు మహ్మదీయ శాస్త్రవేత్తలు సూర్య కేంద్రక సిద్ధాంతాన్ని గురించి ప్రస్తావించినా ఇతని రచనల్లో సూర్య కేంద్రక సిద్ధాంతాన్ని సైద్ధాంతికంగా నిరూపించడంతో ప్రాధాన్యం సంతరించుకున్నాడు. దీంతో ఆధునిక సైన్సులో కోపర్నికస్ విప్లవం ఆరంభమైంది.

విషయ సూచిక 1 ఇవీ చూడండి 2 నోట్స్ 3 మూలాలు 4 ఇతర పఠనాలు 5 బయటి లింకులు

[మార్చు] ఇవీ చూడండి

• సూర్యకేంద్ర సిద్ధాంతం

[మార్చు] నోట్స్

[మార్చు] మూలాలు

• Armitage, Angus (1951). The World of Copernicus. New York, NY: Mentor Books. ISBN 0-8464-0979-8. 
• Coyne, George V., S.J. (2005). The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth, In McMullin (2005, pp.340–59). 
• Dobrzycki, Jerzy, and Leszek Hajdukiewicz, "Kopernik, Mikołaj," Polski słownik biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XIV, Wrocław, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1969, pp. 3–16.
• Gagné, Marc (2004-04-13). Texts from The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History edited and translated by Maurice A. Finocchiaro. West Chester University course ESS 362/562 in History of Astronomy. తీసుకొన్న తేదీ: 2008-01-14. (Extracts from Finocchiaro (1989))
• Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial, In McMullin (2005, pp.117–49). 
• Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06662-6. 
• Gingerich, Owen (2004). The Book Nobody Read. Penguin Books. ISBN 0486436055. 
• David C. Goodman and Colin A. Russell, eds. (1991). The Rise of Scientific Europe, 1500-1800. Dunton Green, Sevenoaks, Kent: Hodder & Stoughton: The Open University. ISBN 0-340-55861-X.
• Heilbron, John L. (2005). Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo, In McMullin (2005, pp.279–322). 
• Koestler, Arthur [1959] (1963). The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 0448001594.  Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London).
• Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0504-1. 
• Kuhn, Thomas (1957). The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-17100-4. 
• Lindberg, David C. and Numbers, Ronald L.. Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science. American Scientific Affiliation article. తీసుకొన్న తేదీ: 2007-04-22. - Paper originally published in Church History (Vol. 55, No. 3, Sept. 1986).
• McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). The Church and Galileo. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-03483-4. 
• Rosen, Edward (1995). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. ISBN 1 85285 071 X. 
• Rosen, Edward (translator) [1939] (2004). Three Copernican Treatises:The Commentariolus of Copernicus; The Letter against Werner; The Narratio Prima of Rheticus, Second Edition, revised, New York, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 0486436055. 
• Russell, Jeffrey Burton [1991] (1997). Inventing the Flat Earth—Columbus and Modern Historians. New York, NY: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-95904-X. 

[మార్చు] ఇతర పఠనాలు

• Danielson, Dennis Richard (2006). The First Copernican: Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution. New York: Walker & Company. ISBN 0-8027-1530-3. 
• మూస:Citebook
• Repcheck, Jack (2007). Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-8951-X. 
• Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe (Nicolaus Copernicus Complete Edition) (1974-2004), 9 vols., various editors (in German and Latin). Berlin: Akademie Verlag. A large collection of writings by and about Copernicus.

[మార్చు] బయటి లింకులు

Primary Sources

• De Revolutionibus, autograph manuscript — Full digital facsimile, Jagiellonian University

General

• Copernicus in Torun
• Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork
• Portraits of Copernicus: Copernicus' face reconstructed; Portrait; Nicolaus Copernicus
• Copernicus and Astrology — Cambridge University: Copernicus had – of course – teachers with astrological activities and his tables were later used by astrologers.
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
• Find-A-Grave profile for Nicolaus Copernicus
• 'Body of Copernicus' identified — BBC article including image of Copernicus using facial reconstruction based on located skull
• Copernicus and Astrology
• Nicolaus Copernicus on the 1000 Polish Zloty banknote.
• Parallax and the Earth's orbit [1]
• Copernicus's model for Mars [2]
• Retrograde Motion[3]
• Copernicus's explanation for retrograde motion [4]
• Geometry of Maximum Elongation [5]
• Copernican Model [6]

About De Revolutionibus

• The Copernican Universe from the De Revolutionibus
• De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition — Full digital facsimile, Lehigh University
• The front page of the De Revolutionibus
• The text of the De Revolutionibus
• A java applet about Retrograde Motion
• The Antikythera Calculator (Italian and English versions)
• Pastore Giovanni, ANTIKYTHERA E I REGOLI CALCOLATORI, Rome, 2006, privately published

Legacy

• Chasing Copernicus: The Book Nobody Read — Was One of the Greatest Scientific Works Really Ignored? All Things Considered. NPR
• Copernicus and his Revolutions — A detailed critique of the rhetoric of De Revolutionibus
• Article which discusses Copernicus's debt to the Arabic tradition

(DFG website) (FNP website)