آذربايجان

د Wikipedia لخوا

د سهېل لوېديځ ايران د سيمې لپاره، ايراني آذربايجان وګورۍ.

Azərbaycan Respublikası
د آذربايجان جمهوريت

بېرغ نښان
Motto: none
ملي ترانه: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Himni
پلازمېنه	Baku 40°22′ N 49°53′ E
لوی ښار	Baku
(رسمي ژبه/ ژبې)	آذربايجاني
حکومت ولسمشر لومړی وزير	Representative democracy الهام آليېف Artur Rasizade
خپلواکي  - Declared  - Formerly	From the Soviet Union August 30, 1991 Azerbaijan SSR
مساحت  • ټولټال    • اوبه (%)	86,600 km² {{{مساحتي وېش}}} 33,436 mi²  negligible
د وګړو شمېر  • 2005 est.  • 2000 census  • ګڼه ګونه	{{{د وګړو اټکل}}} (91st) N/A 90/km² (81st) {{{د وګړو ګڼه ګونهmi²}}}/mi²
GDP (PPP)  • ټولټال  • Per capita	2004 estimate $37,841,000,000 (87th) $4,500 (112th)
HDI (2003)	0.729 (101st) – medium
پېسه	Manat ({{{د پېسو نښه}}})
د ساعت توپير  • Summer (DST)	{{{وخت}}} (UTC+4) (UTC+5)
د انټرنېت م.م(TLD)	.az
هېوادنی کوډ	{{{هېوادنی کوډ}}}
ټيليفوني پېل ګڼ	+994
{{{پايڅوړ}}}

د آذربايجان جمهوريت (آذربايجاني: Azərbaycan يا Azərbaycan Respublikası) په قفقاز کې يو هېواد دی چې د اروپا او سوېل لوېديځه آسيا په منځلاره کې پروت دی. دا هېواد کاسپين سمندرګي سره ساحل لري. دا هېواد په سهېل کې د روسيې سره، د جيورجيا سره په سهېل لويديځه لورې، د ارمنستان سره په لويديځه خوا او په سوېل کې د ايران سره خپلې پولې لري.

د ناخشيوان خپلواکه جمهوريت چې د آذربايجان ادعا ورباندې ده، سهېل ختيځه کې د ارمنستان سره، په سوېل لويديځه کې د ايران سره او په سهېل لوېديځه کې د ترکيې سره ګډې پولې لري.

آذربايجان يو غېر مذهبي حکومت لري، او د 2001 زېږيز کال راپدې خوا د اروپايي قونسل غړيتوب لري. ددې هېواد ډېرکي وګړي شيعه مسلمانان دي او د غربي ترکي توکمه خلګ دي چې د آذربايجاني په نوم او يا هم په ساده ډول د آذري په نوم يادېږېي. دا هېواد په رسمي توګه مخ په ډيموکراسۍ روان دی، خو په کلکه توګه اقتدار پلوی قانون پلي کوي.

[سمادول] جغرافيه

Main article: د آذربايجان جغرافيه

[سمادول] اداري وېشنې

Main article: د آذربايجان اداري وېشنې

آذربايجان په ۵۹ رايونونو (rayonlar، مفرد rayon) يا سيمو، ۱۱ ښاري ناحيو (şəhərlər، مفرد şəhər)، او يو خپلواک جمهوريت (muxtar respublika) چې د ناخشيوان په نامه يادېږي وېشل شوی دی،^[1] چې بيا هم د ناخشيوان خپلواکه سيمه په خپل وار په ۷ رايون او يو ښار وېشل شوی. د واليانو ګومارل د آذربايجان د ولسمشر دنده ده، خو د ناخشيوان حکومت بيا د ناخشيوان د خپلواکه پارلمان لخوا ټاکل کېږي. د نورو سيمو حکومتونه لکه هغه ښارونه چې د ارمنيانو په ولکه کې راغلي لکه خانکيندي او شوشا هم د هېواد نه دباندې خپل سيمه ايز واکونه ټاکي.^[2]

[سمادول] طبيعي منظرې

آذربايجان د نورو هېوادونو سره ټولټال ۲،۶۴۸ کيلومتره اوږده زمکنۍ پوله لري. چې د دغې شمېرې نه ۱۰۰۷ کيلومتره اوږده پوله د ارمنستان سره، ۷۵۶ کيلومتره اوږده پوله د ايران سره، ۴۸۰ کيلومتره اوږده پوله د جورجيا سره او ۳۹۰ کيلومتره اوږده ګډه پوله د روسيې او تُرکيې سره لري.^[3] دغه هېواد کاسپين سمندرګي سره هم تړلی دی او د دغه هېواد سمندري لمن ۸۰۰ کيلومترو پورې رسېږي. همدا شان د سوروالي له مخې د آذربايجان تر ټولو پراخه سيمه د کاسپين سمندرګي يوه برخه جوړوي چې ټولټال ۴۵۶ کيلومتره سوروالی لري.^[3] د آذربايجان وچه له سهېل نه تر سوېله پورې ۴۰۰ کيلومتره اوږده او له لوېديځه تر ختيځه پورې ۵۰۰ کيلومتره اوږدوالی لري. د آذربايجان د هغو درې غرونو لړۍ چې ددې هېواد نژدې ۴۰٪ برخه جوړوي، د لوی قفقاز، وړوکي قفقاز او د تاليش د غرونو په نامه يادېږي.^[4] د آذربايجان د غرونو تر ټولو جګه څوکه د بازاردوزو غر دی چې د سمندر له هوارې نه ۴،۴۶۶ متره لوړوالی لري. خو د دغه هېواد تر ټولو ټيټه سيمه د کاسپين په سمندرګي کې پرته سيمه ده چې د سمندر له هوارې -۲۸ متره په ټيټه کې پرته سيمه ده. د نړۍ په ټولو خټينو اورښيندونکو سيمو څخه نيژدې نيمه برخه خټين اورښيندونکې سيمې په آذربايجان کې دي.

ناسا، د ۲۰۰۳ ز کال د مارچ په مياشت کې د سپوږمکيو نه اخيستل شوی د آذربايجان انځور.

د آذربايجان د اوبو په اهمو سرچينو کې ددغه هېواد د هوارې اوبه شاملې دي چې په ۸،۳۵۰ رودونو کې يواځې ۲۴ رودونه دي چې د ۱۰۰ کيلومتر نه هم ډېر اوږدوالی لري.^[4] همدا ټول رودونه بيا د کاسپين سمندرګي ته چې د هېواد په ختيځ کې دی لار موندلې.^[4] د دغه هېواد تر ټولو لوی ډنډ د ساريسو ډنډ دی چې (۶۷ km²) او د همدغه هېواد تر ټولو اوږد رود د کورا رود دی چې (1,515 km) يې اوږدوالی لري.

په کاسپين سمندرګي کې آذربايجان د څلورو اهمو ټاپوانو خاوند هم دی چې د دغو څلور واړو ټاپوانو ګډ ارتوالی ۳۰ کيلومتر مربع جوړوي.

[سمادول] اقليم

Main article: د آذربايجان اقليم

The formation of climate in Azerbaijan is influenced particularly by cold arctic air masses of Scandinavian anticyclone, temperate of Siberian anticyclone, and Central Asian anticyclone.^[5] Regarding landscape diversity, air masses have different ways to enter the country.^[5] The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses, coming from the north. That leads to the formation of subtropical climate on most foothills and plains of the country. Meanwhile plains and foothills are characterized by high solar radiation rates.

Nine out of eleven existing climate zones are present in Azerbaijan.^[6] Both the absolute minimum temperature (-33 °C (-27.4 °F)) and the absolute maximum temperature (+46 °C (114.8 °F)) were observed in Julfa and Ordubad.^[6] The maximum annual precipitation falls in Lankaran (1,600 to 1,800 mm) and the minimum in Absheron (200 to 350 mm).^[6]

[سمادول] طبيعت او چاپېريالپوهنه

Main article: Nature of Azerbaijan

کينډۍ:See From the water supply point, Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately 100,000 m³/year of water per km².^[6] All big water reservoirs are built on Kur.

The main areas of plant diversity in Azerbaijan are the highlands of Nakhchivan (60% of the species occur here), the Kura-Araz plain (40%), the Davachi-Quba region east of the Greater Caucasus (38%), the centre of the Lesser Caucasus (29%), Gobustan (26.6%), the Lenkoran region in the Talysh Mountains (27%) and the Absheron region (22%).^[4] Northern-eastern slopes of the Great Caucasus, the northern, northern-eastern, and eastern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus and Talysh Mountains are deemed to be vast forest areas of Azerbaijan.^[7]

Endemics include over 400 species of plants (of which around 16 species of Caspian algae), seven reptiles and perches from fifteen species and six sub-species of Gobiidae. Most of the endemic freshwater fish belongs to Cypriniformes.^[4] However there are no strictly endemic mammals.^[4] The major cause of biodiversity loss in Azerbaijan is the decrease in natural environments.

[سمادول] تاريخ

Main article: د آذربايجان تاريخ

[سمادول] آرپوهه او نوم

کينډۍ:See also

Main article: د آذربايجان د نوم تاريخ

د آذربايجان د نوم اصليت په اړوند ګڼ شمېر اټکلونه او فرضيې شته. خو په دغو کې تر ټولو عام اند دا دی چې دا نوم د آتروپاتېس يا Atropates نه راوتلی.^[8] آتروپات د پارس د امپراطورۍ په وختونو کې د ماد په خلکو کې د يو والي نوم وه چې په آتروپاتين (اوسينی آذربايجان) کې يې خپل واک چلاوه. وروسته له دې چې مقدوني سکندر د آشمېندز د کورنۍ پاچاهي ړنګه کړه نو بيا دغې سيمې هم خپلواکي ترلاسه کړه. دا سيمه د منځنۍ آتروپاتيا يا آتروپاتېن په نوم هم نومول شوې.

Atropates is derived from Old Persian roots meaning "protected by fire."[9] 

Azerbaijan has seen a host of inhabitants and invaders, including Caucasians, Medes, Scythians, Persians, Armenians, Greeks, Romans, Khazars, Arabs, Oghuz, Seljuks, Mongols, and Russians.

[سمادول] لرغونی تاريخ

The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan dates to the late Stone Age and is related to the Quruçay culture of Azykh Cave. The Upper Paleolithic and particularly Mousterian cultures are attested to in the caves of Tağlar, Damcili, Zar, Yataq-yeri, etc. Jugs with the remnants of dry wine, revealed in the necropolises of Leylatepe and Sarytepe, testify to wine-making activity during the Late Bronze Age.

Mausoleum of Shirvanshahs in the Inner City (Baku).

The entire South Caucasus was conquered by the Achaemenids around 550 B.C., which led to the spread of Zoroastrianism in this part of the Median Empire. After its overthrow by Alexander the Great, the Seleucid Greeks, who inherited the Caucasus, were ultimately beset by pressures from Rome, secessionist Greeks in Bactria and most adversely the Parthians. Caucasian Albanians, the original inhabitants of the area now known as Azerbaijan, established a kingdom in the 4th century B.C. In 95-67 B.C. parts of Caucasian Albania may have been under the subjugation of neighboring Armenia, as a part of Tigranes the Great's empire. According to Strabo, as the Romans and Parthians began to expand their domains, Albania, unlike Iberia and Armenia, remained independent of Roman domination, signing a peace treaty (Strabo XI, 4, 5). The Roman inscription found in Gobustan testifies to the presence of Legio XII Fulminata in the time of Domitian.

Caucasian Albania remained largely independent until the Sassanids turned it into a vassal state in 252 A.D. King Urnayr of Caucasian Albania officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century A.D., and Albania remained a predominantly Christian state until the Islamic conquest of the 8th century A.D. Despite numerous conquests by the Sassanids and Byzantines, Caucasian Albania remained an entity in the region until the 9th century A.D.

[سمادول] منځنی تاريخ

The Islamic Umayyad Caliphate defeated both the Sassanids and the Byzantines, making Caucasian Albania a vassal state after the Christian resistance, led by Prince Javanshir, was suppressed in 667 A.D. After the decline of Abbasid Caliphate, the territory of present-day Azerbaijan was under the sway of numerous dynasties such as the Salarids, Sajids, Shaddadids, Rawadids and Buyids. At the beginning of the 11th century, the territory was gradually seized by waves of Turkic Oghuz tribes from Central Asia. The first of these dynasties were the Ghaznavids, who took over part of the area now known as Azerbaijan by 1030.

Locally, the possessions of the subsequent Seljuk Empire were ruled by atabegs, who were technically vassals of the Seljuk sultans, being sometimes de facto rulers themselves. Under the Seljuk Turks, local poets such as Nizami Ganjavi and Khagani Shirvani gave rise to a blossoming of Persian literature on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan. The next ruling state of the Jalayirids was short-lived and fell under the conquests of Tamerlan. The local dynasty of Shirvanshahs became a vassal state of Tamerlan's empire and assisted Tamerlan in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh. Following Tamerlan's death two independent and rival states emerged: Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu. Until his death the Ak Koyunlu sultan Uzun Hasan ruled the whole territory now known as Azerbaijan. Thereafter the Shirvanshahs maintained a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals from 861 until 1539. As the Shirvanshahs were persecuted by the Safavids, the last dynasty imposed Shia Islam upon the formerly Sunni population, battling against the Sunni Ottoman Empire.

The area was ruled under Iranian dynasties of Afshar and Zand following the collapse of the Safavids and briefly under Qajars. In the meanwhile, however, several independent khanates^{[10][11][12][13][14]} emerged in the area, especially following collapse of Zand dynasty and in early Qajar era. Engaged in constant warfare, these khanates were eventually incorporated to the Russian Empire, following two Russo-Persian Wars. Under the Treaty of Turkmenchay the Persian Empire recognized Russian sovereignty over the Erivan khanate, the Nakhchivan khanate and the remainder of the Talysh khanate.

[سمادول] لومړنۍ خپلواکي او جماهير شوروي

After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, Azerbaijan together with Armenia and Georgia became part of the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. When the republic dissolved in May 1918, Azerbaijan declared independence as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). The ADR was the first democratic parliamentary republic in the Muslim world, but lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik XIth Red Army invaded in April 1920. Overthrowing the ADR government, Bolsheviks established Azerbaijan SSR in Baku on April 28, 1920.

In 1922, Azerbaijan, along with Armenia and Georgia, became part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic {TSFSR), which itself became a constituent member of the newly-established Soviet Union. In 1936, TSFSR was dissolved and Azerbaijan SSR became one of the 12 (by 1940 - 15) constituent member states of the Soviet Union.

During the 1940s, the Azerbaijan SSR supplied much of the Soviet Union's oil on the Eastern Front of World War II. Close to 600,000 Azerbaijanis fought on this front against Nazi Germany. Operation Edelweiss was launched by Adolf Hitler to occupy the Caucasian oilfields and capture Baku, but all the offensives were pushed back. The Germans made largely fruitless efforts to enlist the cooperation of emigre political figures, such as Mammed Amin Rasulzade, who came to Berlin and found opportunities to meet captured Soviet Azerbaijani POWs.^[15]

[سمادول] نوی خپلواک آذربايجان

Following the politics of glasnost, initiated by the last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh, a region of the Azerbaijan SSR. The disturbances in Azerbaijan, in response to Moscow's indifference to already heated conflict, resulted in calls for independence and secession from the USSR, which subsequently culminated in the events of Black January in Baku. At this time, Ayaz Mutallibov was appointed as the First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party.

Later in 1990, the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR dropped the words "Soviet Socialist" from the title; adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic, a constituent member of Soviet Union; and restored the modified flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as a state flag. In early 1991, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan established the office of the presidency. Ayaz Mutallibov was subsquently elected as the first president by the Council. On September 8, 1991, Ayaz Mutallibov was elected as president in nationwide elections in which he was the only candidate running.

On October 18, 1991, Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence which was affirmed by a nationwide referendum in December, 1991, when the Soviet Union was officially dissolved. The early years of independence were overshadowed by the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Armenia. By the end of hostilities in 1994, Azerbaijan lost control of up to 16% of its internationally recognized territory, including Nagorno-Karabakh itself.^[16][17] In 1993, democratically elected president Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Suret Huseynov, which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev. In 1994, Suret Huseynov, by that time a prime minister, attempted another military coup against Heydar Aliyev but failed, was arrested and was charged with treason. In 1995, another coup attempt against Aliyev, by the commander of the military police, Rovshan Javadov, was averted, resulting in the killing of the latter and disbanding of Azerbaijan's military police.

Although during his presidency, Aliyev managed to reduce the country's unemployment, reined in criminal groups, established the fundamental institutions of independent statehood, and brought stability, peace and major foreign investment, the country was tainted by rampant corruption in the governing bureaucracy. In October 1998, Aliyev was reelected for a second term. Despite the much improved economy, particularly with the exploitations of Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli oil field and Shah Deniz gas field, Aliyev's presidency became unpopular due to vote fraud, wide-spread corruption and objection to his autocratic regime. The same harsh criticism followed the elections of former Prime Minister Ilham Aliyev, the second leader of New Azerbaijan Party after the death of his father Heydar.

[سمادول] سرچينې