Америк доллар
Чөлөөт нэвтэрхий толь, Википедиагаас
- "USD" нь энэ хуудсанд шууд холбогджээ. Өөр утгуудыг үзэхийг хүсвэл, USD (салаа утга)-г үзнэ үү.
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Template:FixHTML Доллар (currency code USD) бол Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улсын мөнгөн тэмдэгт юм. Ам.доллар 100 центэд хуваагддаг.
Агуулга |
[Засварлах] Ерөнхий мэдээлэл
Ам.долларын зоосыг АНУ-ын Зоосны Үйлдвэрт үйлдвэрлэдэг. Ам.долларыг загварчлал, хэвлэлийн хороонд хэвлэгддэг ба 1914 оноос хойш Холбооны Нөөцийн Банкаас гаргах болсон.
[Засварлах] Үгийн гарал
Доллар нь (Герман хэлний Далер(Thaler) буюу хөндий гэсэн үгнээс гаралтай.
[Засварлах] Долларын тэмдэг
$ тэмдэг нь ам.долларт зориулан хэрэглэгддэг ба тооны өмнө бичигддэг. Жишээлбэл "$45" гэх ба "дөчин таван доллар гэж уншигдана.
[Засварлах] Түүх
Ам.доллар нь өнөөдрийн бидний мэдэх мөнгөний нэгж бус, жингийн нэгж (мөнгөний 30.54 грам орчим) болон анх 1792 оны Зоосны Хуулийн дагуу бий болсон.
[Засварлах] Тивийн мөнгөн тэмдэгт
1775 онд Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улс болон бие даасан муж улсууд испани доллар зонхилсон тивийн мөнгөн тэмдэгтийг гаргаж эхэлсэн.
[Засварлах] Мөнгө ба алтны стандарт
1792 оноос
From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was pegged to silver and gold at 371.25 grains of silver, 24.75 grains of gold (15:1 ratio). 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains, followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains in 1838 (16:1 ratio).
In 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated.
In 1900, the bimetallic standard was abandoned and the dollar was defined as 23.22 grains of gold, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20. Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters, and the half dollar was reduced to 40% silver. Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1969.
Gold coins were withdrawn in 1933 and the gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35. This standard persisted until 1968. Between 1968 and 1975, a variety of pegs to gold were put in place. 1975 saw the U.S. dollar freely float on currency markets.
[Засварлах] Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улсын зоос
Official United States coins have been produced every year from 1792 to the present. In normal circulation today, there are coins of the denominations 1¢ ([One] Cent, also referred to as a Penny), 5¢ (Nickel), 10¢ (Dime), 25¢ (Quarter Dollar officially, or simply Quarter in common usage), 50¢ (Half Dollar; uncommon), and $1 (Dollar; uncommon). Federal Reserve Notes exist as $1, $2 (uncommon), $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100 denominations. Prior to 1934 there were also $500, $1000, $5000, $10000, and $100,000 bills made. According to http://www.highdenomination.com/Gold_Details.asp?id=904 there were 42,000 $100,000 notes printed, all of which were gold certificates and are accounted for. They were never intended for general circulation and are illegal to own.
Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States.[1] Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 1800s. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly-equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin featuring Sacagawea was introduced, which corrected some of the mistakes of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support.
In February 2007, the US Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005,[2] introduced a new $1 US Presidential dollar coin. Based on the success of the "50 State Quarters" series, the new coin will feature a rotating portrait of deceased presidents in order of their inaugurations, starting with George Washington, on the obverse side. The reverse side will feature the Statue of Liberty. To allow for larger, more detailed portraits, the traditional inscriptions of "E Pluribus Unum," "In God We Trust," the year of minting or issuance, and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face. This feature, similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £1 coin, is not usually associated with US coin designs. The third required inscription, "Liberty", has been eliminated, with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement. In addition, due to the nature of US coins, this will be the first time there will be circulating US coins of different denominations with the same President featured. (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime, Washington/quarter and Kennedy/half dollar.) Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with his portrait issued due to the fact he was the only US President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms.[3]
Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions "E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to "heads", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying "upside down lettering error" coins.[4] Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes which have been withdrawn from circulation bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones. As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins.
The United States has minted other coin denominations at various times from 1792 to 1935: half-cent, 2-cent, 3-cent, 20-cent, $2.50, $3.00, $5.00, $10.00, $20.00 and $50.00. Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though they are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. In addition, an experimental $4.00 coin was also minted, but never placed into circulation and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination. The $50 coin mentioned was only produced in 1915 for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915) celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal. Only 1,128 were made, 645 of them were octagonal; this remains the only US coin that was not round as well as the largest and heaviest US coin ever.
In the 1936 to present period the only denominations produced for circulation have been the familiar penny, nickel, dime, quarter, half dollar and dollar. The nickel is the only coin still in use today that is essentially unchanged (except in its design) from its original version. Every year since 1866, the nickel has been 75% copper and 25% nickel, except for 4 years during World War II when nickel was needed for the war.
Since 1982 the United States Mint has also produced many different denominations and designs specifically for collectors and speculators. There are silver, gold and platinum bullion coins, called "American Eagles," all of which are legal tender though their use in everyday transactions is non-existent. The reason for this is that they are not intended for use in transactions and thus the face value of the coins is much lower than the worth of the precious metals in them. The American Silver Eagle bullion coin is issued only in the $1 (1 troy ounce) denomination. The American Gold Eagle bullion coin denominations (with gold content) are: $5 (1/10 troy oz), $10 (1/4 troy oz), $25 (1/2 troy oz), and $50 (1 troy oz). The American Platinum Eagle bullion coin denominations (with platinum content) are: $10 (1/10 troy oz), $25 (1/4 troy oz), $50 (1/2 troy oz), and $100 (1 troy oz). The silver coin is 99.9% silver, the gold coins are 91.67% gold (22 karat), and the platinum coins are 99.95% platinum. These coins are not available from the Mint for individuals but must be purchased from authorized dealers. In 2006 The Mint began direct sales to individuals of uncirculated bullion coins with a special finish, and bearing a "W" mintmark. The Mint also produces high quality "proof" coins intended for collectors in the same denominations and bullion content which are available to individuals.
The largest denominations of currency currently printed or minted by the United States are the $100 bill and the $100 troy ounce Platinum Eagle.
[Засварлах] Ханш
[Засварлах] Үнэд нөлөөлөх хүчин зүйлс
- Borrowing costs, economic growth
- The minutes to the August 8 2006 meeting, at which the Federal Open Market Committee kept short-term interest rates unchanged for the first time in more than two years, supported the view that U.S. borrowing costs have peaked. The dollar fell on the news on August 29 2006, and has continued lower August 30 2006, largely ignoring news the U.S. government has revised its estimate of second-quarter economic growth 2006 up to 2.9% from the initial 2.5%.[5]
[Засварлах] Цаг хугацаанаас хамаарах ханш
This chart shows the amount of USD, in a particular year, that could purchase an equivalent amount of goods that were worth $1.00 in 1980.[6]
| Year | Equivalent buying power | Year | Equivalent buying power | Year | Equivalent buying power |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1774 | $0.09 | 1850 | $0.09 | 1930 | $0.20 |
| 1780 | $0.16 | 1860 | $0.10 | 1940 | $0.17 |
| 1790 | $0.11 | 1870 | $0.15 | 1950 | $0.29 |
| 1800 | $0.15 | 1880 | $0.12 | 1960 | $0.36 |
| 1810 | $0.14 | 1890 | $0.11 | 1970 | $0.47 |
| 1820 | $0.14 | 1900 | $0.10 | 1980 | $1.00 |
| 1830 | $0.11 | 1910 | $0.11 | 1990 | $1.59 |
| 1840 | $0.10 | 1920 | $0.24 | 2000 | $2.09 |
| 2006 | $2.45 |
[Засварлах] Олон улсын хэрэглээ
██ euro
██ currencies pegged to the euro
██ US dollar
██ currencies pegged to the US dollar
The dollar is also used as the standard unit of currency in international markets for commodities such as gold and petroleum (the latter sometimes called petrocurrency). Even foreign companies with little direct presence in the United States, such as the European company Airbus, list and sell their products in dollars, although some argue this is attributed to the aerospace market being dominated by American companies.
At the present time, the U.S. dollar remains the world's foremost reserve currency, primarily held in $100 denominations. The majority of U.S. notes are actually held outside the United States, known as eurodollars (not to be confused with the euro) regardless of the location. Economist Paul Samuelson and others maintain that the overseas demand for dollars allows the United States to maintain persistent trade deficits without causing the value of the currency to depreciate and the flow of trade to readjust. Milton Friedman at his death believed this to be the case but, more recently, Paul Samuelson has said he now believes that at some stage in the future these pressures will precipitate a run on the U.S. dollar with serious global financial consequences.[7]
Not long after the introduction of the euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) as a cash currency in 2002, the dollar began to depreciate steadily in value. After the euro started to rise in value in March 2002, the U.S. trade and budget deficits continued to increase. By Christmas 2004 the dollar had fallen to new lows against all major currencies, especially the euro. The euro rose above $1.36/€ (under €0.74/$) for the first time in late December 2004, in sharp contrast to its lows in early 2003 (€0.87/$). In the first quarter of 2004 the U.S. dollar, with the advantage of Federal Reserve's policy of raising rates, regained some standing against all major currencies, climbing from €0.78/$ to €0.84/$. However, this raise was more than lost in the second half of 2004, and the dollar stood at $0.74/€ at the end of 2004. Of the last five years since 2002, 2005 was the only year in which the dollar actually recovered against the euro. Although some analysts previewed the dollar dropping as far as $1.60 per euro (€0.63/$), it finished the year 2005 with an increase against the euro and Japanese Yen, climbing from €0.74/$ to €0.83/$. However in 2006, the dollar again fell back to €0.76/$ against the euro. A rate reduction by the Federal Reserve in September 2007 raised the euro's exchange rate significantly. [8]
[Засварлах] Доллар нь олон улсын үндсэн нөөцийн валют болох нь
The dollar is the most important international reserve currency, followed by the euro. The euro inherited this status from the German mark, and since its introduction, has increased its standing considerably, mostly at the expense of the dollar. Despite the dollar's recent losses to the euro, it is still by far the major international reserve currency, with an accumulation more than double that of the euro.
In August 2007, two scholars affiliated with the government of the People's Republic of China threatened to sell its substantial reserves in American dollars in response to pressure that they exercise fair trade.[9] The Chinese government denied that selling dollar-denominated assets would be an official policy in the foreseeable future.
Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said in September 2007 that the euro could replace the U.S. dollar as the world's primary reserve currency. It is "absolutely conceivable that the euro will replace the dollar as reserve currency, or will be traded as an equally important reserve currency."[10]
Template:Reserve currencies
[Засварлах] Ам.долларын индекс
The US Dollar Index (USDX) is the creation of the New York Board of Trade (NYBOT). It was established in 1973 for tracking the value of the USD against a basket of currencies which, at that time, represented the largest trading partners of the United States. It began with 17 currencies from 17 nations, but the launch of the euro subsumed 12 of these into just one, so that now the USDX tracks only six currencies.
| Currency units per U.S. dollar | |
|---|---|
| Weighting | |
| Euro | 57.6% |
| Japanese yen | 13.6% |
| Pound sterling | 11.9% |
| Canadian dollar | 9.1% |
| Swedish krona | 4.2% |
| Swiss franc | 3.6% |
| Source: NYBOT, "US Dollar Index", pg.3 (PDF) | |
The Index is described by the NYBOT as "a trade weighted geometric average".[11] The baseline of 100.00 on the USDX was set at its launch in March, 1973. This event marks the watershed between the fixed-rate system of the Bretton Woods regime and the floating-rate system of the Smithsonian regime. Since then, the USDX has climbed as high as the 160's and drifted as low as the 70's.
The USDX has not been updated to reflect new trading realities in the global economy, where the bulk of trade has shifted strongly towards new partners like China and Mexico and oil suppliers while the United States homeland has itself de-industrialized.
[Засварлах] Долларжилт ба тогтмол валютын ханш
Other nations besides the United States use the U.S. dollar as their official currency, a process known as official dollarization. For instance, Panama has been using the dollar alongside the Panamanian balboa as the legal tender since 1904 with a rate of change of 1:1. Ecuador (2000), El Salvador (2001), and East Timor (2000) all adopted the currency independently. The former members of the U.S.-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which included Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands, chose not to issue their own currency after becoming independent, having all used the U.S. dollar since 1944. Two British dependencies also use the U.S. dollar: the British Virgin Islands (1959) and Turks and Caicos Islands (1973).
Some other countries link their currency to U.S. dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The local currencies of Bermuda and the Bahamas can be freely exchanged at a 1:1 ratio for USD. Argentina used a fixed 1:1 exchange rate between the Argentine peso and the U.S. dollar from 1991 until 2002. The currencies of Barbados and Belize are similarly convertible at an approximate 2:1 ratio. In Lebanon, one dollar is equal to 1500 Lebanese pound, and is used interchangeably with local currency as de facto legal tender. The exchange rate between the Hong Kong dollar and the United States dollar has also been linked since 1983 at HK$7.8/USD, and pataca of Macau, pegged to Hong Kong dollar at MOP1.03/HKD, indirectly linked to the U.S. dollar at roughly MOP8/USD. Several oil-producing Gulf Arab countries, including Saudi Arabia, peg their currencies to the dollar, since the dollar is the currency used in the international oil trade.
The renminbi used by the People's Republic of China was informally and controversially pegged to the dollar in the mid-1990s at ¥8.28/USD. Likewise, Malaysia pegged its ringgit at RM3.8/USD in 1997. On July 21, 2005 both countries removed their pegs and adopted managed floats against a basket of currencies. Kuwait did likewise on May 20, 2007,[12] and Syria did likewise in July 2007.[13]
Belarus, on the other hand, will tie its currency the Belarusian ruble with the U.S. dollar in 2008.[14]
In some countries, such as Peru, although USD is not officially regarded as a legal tender, it is commonly accepted. In Cambodia, the USD circulates freely, or even preferred over the Cambodian riel. Amounts of one dollar or more are given in dollars, while the riel serves as a subunit.[15][16][17]
[Засварлах] Валют солих ханш
[Засварлах] Түүхэн валютын ханш
| Currency units per U.S. dollar[18] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | |
| Euro | 1.0832 | 1.1171 | 1.0578 | 0.8833 | 0.8040 | 0.8033 | 0.7960 |
| Japanese yen | 107.80 | 121.57 | 125.22 | 115.94 | 108.15 | 110.11 | 116.31 |
| Pound sterling | 0.6598 | 0.6946 | 0.6656 | 0.6117 | 0.5456 | 0.5493 | 0.5425 |
| Chinese Renminbi | 8.2784 | 8.2770 | 8.2771 | 8.2772 | 8.2768 | 8.1936 | 7.9723 |
| Canadian dollar | 1.4855 | 1.5487 | 1.5704 | 1.4008 | 1.3017 | 1.2115 | 1.1340 |
| Mexican peso | 9.459 | 9.337 | 9.663 | 10.793 | 11.290 | 10.894 | 10.906 |
| Source: Last 4 years 2005-2002 2003-2000 | |||||||
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[Засварлах] Suit by sightless over U.S. banknote design
On Tuesday, November 28, 2006 U.S. District Judge James Robertson ordered the Treasury Department to change U.S. banknotes to make it easier for blind and visually impaired people to determine their denominations.
Ruling on a lawsuit filed in 2002 by the American Council of the Blind, Judge Robertson accepted the plaintiff's argument that current practice violates Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. (Ruling as PDF file) The Treasury is appealing the decision.
The plaintiff's attorney was quoted as saying "It's just frankly unfair that blind people should have to rely on the good faith of people they have never met in knowing whether they've been given the correct change."
Government attorneys estimated that the cost of such a change ranges from $75 million in equipment upgrades and $9 million annual expenses for punching holes in bills to $178 million in one-time charges and $50 million annual expenses for printing bills of varying sizes.[19]
[Засварлах] Мөн үзэх
Template:Wikinews2
- Fiat currency
- Gold as an investment
- Silver as an investment
- Category:Historical currencies of the United States
- Where's George?
- Economy of the United States
[Засварлах] Ишлэл
- ↑ CNN Money Congress tries again for a dollar coin. Written by Gordon T. Anderson. Published April 25, 2005.
- ↑ Pub. L. No. 109-145, 119 Stat. 2664 (Dec. 22, 2005).
- ↑ The United States Mint Pressroom
- ↑ Godless Dollars
- ↑ Interactive Investor (2006-08-30). Metals - Gold gains as Iran deadline looms, dollar remains weak. 2007-06-10-д авсан.
- ↑ Measuring Worth - Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to 2006. 2007-01-28-д авсан.
- ↑ China, US should adjust approach to economic growth
- ↑ http://www.ecb.int/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/eurofxref-graph-usd.en.html ECB: Euro exchange rates USD
- ↑ China threatens 'nuclear option' of dollar sales.. September 26, 2007-д авсан.
- ↑ Reuters. Euro could replace dollar as top currency - Greenspan. September 17, 2007-д авсан.
- ↑ NYBOT, "US Dollar Index", pg.2
- ↑ "Kuwait pegs dinar to basket of currencies", Forbes, 2007-05-20. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
- ↑ "Syria to Drop Dollar Peg in July", Reuters, 2007-06-04. Retrieved on 2007-09-12.
- ↑ "Belarus to link currency to dollar", Associated Press, 2007-08-15. Retrieved on 2007-10-01.
- ↑ Chinese University of Hong Kong. Historical Exchange Rate Regime of Asian Countries: Cambodia. 2007-02-21-д авсан.
- ↑ Kurt Schuler. Tables of Modern Monetary History: Asia. 2007-02-21-д авсан. “The US dollar also circulates freely”
- ↑ frizz restaurant in Cambodia. Cambodia Practical: money, atm, transport, cheap flights. 2007-02-21-д авсан.
- ↑ FRB: G.5A Release-- Foreign Exchange Rates, Release Dates
- ↑ Article about the Court Order from the San Francisco Chronicle
[Засварлах] Гадаад холбоос
- U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing
- The U.S. Treasury's Coins & Currency portal
- Gold coins Polish gold coins
- American Currency Exhibit at the San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank
- U.S. Treasury page with images of all current banknotes
- Summary of BEP Production Statistics
- U.S. Currency and Coin Outstanding and in Circulation
- PaperMoneyGuide - Information for collectors of US Currency
- Relative values of the US dollar, from 1790 to 2005
Template:Standard numismatics external links
[Засварлах] АНУ-ын мөнгөн тэмдэгт ба зоосны зураг
Template:Standard numismatics external links
Template:US currency and coinage Template:Obsolete U.S. currency and coinage Template:Dollar Template:Currencies of the Americas Template:Currencies of Asia Template:Currencies of Oceania
