牛津市

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牛津市
	在牛津郡的位置
地理
大小：	城市
英國地理區位：	英格蘭東南
所屬郡：	牛津郡
土地面積：	45.59 km²
郡政府所在地：	牛津市
坐標：Template:Mmukscaled
人口統計
人口：	149,800
人口密度：	3,286／km²
人口組成：	87.1% 白人 4.8% 南亞裔 2.5% 黑人. 1.8% 華裔 3.8% 混血兒或其他
行政
牛津市政府 http://www.oxford.gov.uk/

牛津市（Oxford）為英国牛津郡政府的所在地，人口約149,100 (2006人口調查)。為牛津大學－英語國家中歷史最久的大學－的發源地。泰晤士河亦流經牛津市。

[编辑] 歷史

Skyline of the city of Oxford

The Radcliffe Camera

Oxford was first occupied in Saxon times, and was initially known as "Oxenaforda".^[1] It began with the foundation of St Frideswide's nunnery in the 8th century, and was first mentioned in written records in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 912. In the 10th century Oxford became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes. St Frideswide is the patron saint of both the city and university.

The prestige of Oxford is seen in the fact that it received a charter from King Henry II, granting its citizens the same privileges and exemptions as those enjoyed by the capital of the kingdom; and various important religious houses were founded in or near the city. A grandson of King John established Rewley Abbey for the Cistercian Order; and friars of various orders (Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, Augustinians, and Trinitarians), all had houses at Oxford of varying importance. Parliaments were often held in the city during the thirteenth century. The Provisions of Oxford were installed in 1258 by a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort; these documents are often regarded as England's first written constitution.

The University of Oxford is first mentioned in 12th century records. Oxford's earliest colleges were University College (1249), Balliol (1263) and Merton (1264). These colleges were established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Greek philosophers. These writings challenged European ideology – inspiring scientific discoveries and advancements in the arts – as society began seeing itself in a new way. These colleges at Oxford were supported by the Church in hopes to reconcile Greek Philosophy and Christian Theology. The relationship between "town and gown" has often been uneasy — as many as 93 students and townspeople were killed in the St Scholastica Day Riot of 1355.

Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford is unique as a college chapel and cathedral in one foundation. Originally the Priory Church of St Frideswide, the building was extended and incorporated into the structure of the Cardinal's College shortly before its refounding as Christ Church in 1546, since which time it has functioned as the cathedral of the Diocese of Oxford.

The Oxford Martyrs were tried for heresy in 1555 and subsequently burnt at the stake, on what is now Broad Street, for their religious beliefs and teachings. The three martyrs were the bishops Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley, and the Archbishop Thomas Cranmer.

英國內戰期間，Oxford housed the court of Charles I in 1642, after the king was expelled from London, although there was strong support in the town for the Parliamentarian cause. The town yielded to Parliamentarian forces under General Fairfax in the Siege of Oxford of 1646. It later housed the court of Charles II during the Great Plague of London in 1665-66. Although reluctant to do so, he was forced to evacuate when the plague got too close.

In 1790 the Oxford Canal connected the city with Coventry. The Duke's Cut was completed by the Duke of Marlborough in 1789 to link the new canal with the River Thames; and in 1796 the Oxford Canal company built their own link to the Thames, at Isis Lock. In the 1840s, the Great Western Railway and London and North Western Railway linked Oxford with London.

In the 19th century, the controversy surrounding the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church drew attention to the city as a focus of theological thought.

Image:4516-Oxford-map-1510x1384.jpg

Map of Oxford (1904)

Oxford's Town Hall was built by Henry T. Hare, the foundation stone was laid on 6 July 1893 and opened by the future King Edward VII on 12 May 1897. The site has been the seat of local government since the Guild Hall of 1292 and though Oxford is a city and a Lord Mayoralty, it is still called by its traditional name of "Town Hall".

By the early 20th century, Oxford was experiencing rapid industrial and population growth, with the printing and publishing industries becoming well established by the 1920s. Also during that decade, the economy and society of Oxford underwent a huge transformation as William Morris established the Morris Motor Company to mass produce cars in Cowley, on the south-eastern edge of the city. By the early 1970s over 20,000 people worked in Cowley at the huge Morris Motors and Pressed Steel Fisher plants. By this time Oxford was a city of two halves: the university city to the west of Magdalen Bridge (from where students traditionally jump into the River Cherwell every May Day morning) and the car town to the east. This led to the witticism that "Oxford is the left bank of Cowley". Cowley suffered major job losses in the 1980s and 1990s during the decline of British Leyland, but is now producing the successful New MINI for BMW on a smaller site. A large area of the original car manufacturing facility at Cowley was demolished in the 1990s and is now the site of a major business park.

The influx of migrant labour to the car plants, recent immigration from south-east Asia, and a large student population, have given Oxford a notable cosmopolitan character, especially in the Headington and Cowley Road areas with their many bars, cafes, restaurants, clubs, ethnic shops and fast food outlets. Oxford is one of the most diverse small cities in Britain with more than 19.3% of the population born outside of the UK and 23.2% from an ethnic minority group, including 12.9% from a non-white ethnic minority ethnic group (2001 Census)

On 6 May 1954, Roger Bannister, as a 25 year old medical student, ran the first authenticated four-minute mile at the Iffley Road running track in Oxford.

Oxford's second university, Oxford Brookes University, formerly the Oxford School of Art, based on Headington Hill, was given its charter in 1991 and has been voted for the last five years the best new university in the UK.

[编辑] 交通運輸

A map of Oxford, 1605.

牛津座落於倫敦西北約九十公里，伯明罕東南的七十公里。連接伯明罕及倫敦的M40快速公路途經牛津市，A34亦途經牛津市並形成西面的繞道。

牛津火車站提供鐵路前往英國多個地區，包括倫敦帕丁頓車站、伯明罕等。

牛津運河把牛津、英國中部連接起來，亦連接泰晤士河。泰晤士河允許了航運，但現時多作休閒用途。

市內巴士由牛津巴士公司及捷達巴士(Stagecoach)營運，兩間公司亦提供頻密的巴士服務來往倫敦，包括由Stagecoach營運的 Oxford Tube及牛津巴士公司的 Oxford Espress，兩條線並由西邊的Gloucester Green巴士總站開出，沿線提供多個停車站，然後經M40快速公路往倫敦。

由牛津巴士公司營運的 The Airline 提供豪華巴士服務來往倫敦希斯路機場及倫敦格域機場。捷達巴士亦提供半小時一班的客車服務前往劍橋市。National Express則提供客車服務前往英國大部份城市。其它巴士營運商為 Thames Transit 及 Brookesbus。

[编辑] 主要連接牛津的交通

倫敦 (90mins)
- Oxford Tube (於維多利亞客車總站開出)
- Oxford Espress X90 (於維多利亞客車總站開出)
倫敦希斯路機場 (T1-T3: 80mins; T4:100mins)
- The Airline X70
倫敦格域機場 (120mins)
- The Airline X80
倫敦盧頓機場 (1hrs 50mins to 2hrs 10mins)
- National Express JL737
坦斯特德機場 (3hrs 20mins to 3hrs 50mins)
- National Express JL737
劍橋市 (3hrs 20mins)
- 捷達巴士跨境路線 X5

Megabus 亦提供便宜的巴士服務來往伯明罕、劍橋市及倫敦。

[编辑] Park and Ride

牛津市提供5個 park and ride 地點，以服務市中心的需求。

Pear Tree （由巴士路線300連接市中心）
Water Eaton （由巴士路線400連接市中心）
Thornhill （由巴士路線400連接市中心）
Redbridge （由巴士路線500連接市中心）
Seacourt （由巴士路線300連接市中心）

亦有巴士路線前往John Radcliffe Hospital，途經 Thornhill 及 Water Eaton ，另有途經 Thornhill 前往 Churchill and Nuffield Hospitals 的服務。請參見the National Park and Ride Directory。

[编辑] 旅遊境點

The Oxford skyline facing Christ Church to the south (Christ Church Cathedral on the left and Tom Tower on the right)

Template:Cleanup-laundry Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to Carfax Tower which offers views over the spires of the city. Many tourists shop at the historic Covered Market. In the summer, punting on the Thames/Isis and the Cherwell is popular.

[编辑] 宗教名勝

主条目：List of churches in Oxford

Christ Church Cathedral
The Church of St Mary the Virgin (the University Church)
Martyrs' Memorial

[编辑] 博物館

Image:Oxford University Museum of Natural History.JPG

Oxford University Museum of Natural History

[编辑] 牛津大學

Ashmolean Museum，英國最古老博物館
Pitt Rivers Museum
Museum of Natural History, home of (the remains of) the Oxford Dodo
Museum of the History of Science, in Britain's oldest purpose-built museum building
Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, St Aldate's

[编辑] 其他

牛津博物館
Museum of Modern Art
牛津科學館
Oxfordshire Visual Arts Development Agency (Ovada)

[编辑] 大學建築

Oxford University Press

(Other than the colleges)

The Bodleian Library
The Clarendon Building (often used as a set for film and television)
The Radcliffe Camera (one of several institutions named after John Radcliffe)
The Sheldonian Theatre
The Oxford University Press

[编辑] 公眾空間

The floodplains for Oxford's two rivers reach right into the heart of the city, providing a wealth of green spaces.

The University Parks
The University Botanic Garden
Christ Church Meadow
Port Meadow
Mesopotamia
Angel & Greyhound Meadow
Cutteslowe Park
Florence Park
South Park
Warneford Meadow

Image:OxfordBoats.JPG

Punts in Oxford

[编辑] 商業區

Cornmarket, Oxford
Queens Street, Oxford
The High Street
Turl Street
Little Clarendon Street
Broad Street
The Covered Market
George Street
Clarendon Shopping Centre
Westgate Shopping Centre
Golden Cross

市中心以外地區

Iffley Road, Oxford
Cowley Road, Oxford
Templars Square Shopping Centre, Cowley, Oxford
St. Clements, Oxford
London Road, Headington, Oxford
Banbury Road, Summertown, Oxford
Walton Street, Jericho, Oxford
Botley Road, Oxford
North Parade, Oxford
Cowley Retail Park, Cowley, Oxford

[编辑] 劇場及戲院

Oxford Playhouse, Beaumont Street
New Theatre, George Street
Burton Taylor Theatre, Worcester Street
Old Fire Station Theatre, George Street
Pegasus Theatre, Magdalen Road
Ultimate Picture Palace, Cowley Road
Phoenix Picturehouse, Walton Street
Odeon Cinema, George Street
Odeon Cinema, Magdalen Street
Vue Cinema, Grenoble Road

[编辑] 公共房屋

See: Category:Public houses in Oxford

[编辑] Media and press

As well as the BBC national radio stations, Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations, including BBC Radio Oxford, Fox FM, Oxford's FM107.9,^[2] and new station JACK fm on 106.8 along with Oxide: Oxford Student Radio^[3] (which went on terrestrial radio at 87.7 MHz FM in late May 2005).牛津還有一家當地電視頻道名為Six TV:。The city is home to a BBC TV newsroom which produces an opt-out from the main South Today programme broadcast from Southampton.

牛津主要的當地報章包括牛津時報 (broadsheet; weekly)及其姊妹報章牛津郵報 (tabloid; daily) 及牛津星報 (tabloid; free and delivered), and Oxford Journal (tabloid; weekly free pick-up). Oxford is also home to several advertising agencies.

Daily Information is an events and advertising news sheet which has been published since 1964.

Recently (2003) DIY grassroots non-corporate media has begun to spread.^[4] Independent and community newspapers include the Jericho Echo^[5] and Oxford Prospect.^[6]

[编辑] 牛津文學

主条目：牛津文學

牛津的文學家包括：

Lewis Carroll (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), Student and Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church.
Colin Dexter who wrote and set his Inspector Morse detective novels in Oxford. Colin Dexter still lives in Oxford.
John Donaldson (d.1989), a poet resident in Oxford in later life.
Siobhan Dowd Oxford resident; who was an undergraduate at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
Michael Innes (J. I. M. Stewart), of Christ Church.
P. D. James who lives part-time in Oxford.
T. E. Lawrence, "Lawrence of Arabia", Oxford resident, undergraduate at Jesus, postgraduate at Magdalen.
C. S. Lewis, Fellow of Magdalen.
Ian McEwan, formerly an Oxford resident for many years.
Iris Murdoch, Fellow of St Anne's.
Mike Philbin, wrote his infamous Hertzan Chimera novels/stories in Oxford.
Iain Pears, undergraduate at Wadham College and Oxford resident, whose novel An Instance of the Fingerpost is set in the city.
Philip Pullman who was an undergraduate at Exeter.
Dorothy L. Sayers who was an undergraduate at Somerville.
J. R. R. Tolkien, undergraduate at Exeter and later professor of English at Merton.

不少文學作品以牛津為中心，當中包括：

Jude the Obscure (1895) by Thomas Hardy (in which Oxford is thinly disguised as "Christminster").
Zuleika Dobson (1911) by Max Beerbohm.
Gaudy Night (1935) by Dorothy L. Sayers.
Brideshead Revisited (1945) by Evelyn Waugh.
A Question of Upbringing (1951 ) by Anthony Powell
Second Generation (1964 novel) by Raymond Williams
The Children of Men (1992) by P. D. James.
His Dark Materials (1995 onwards) by Philip Pullman

牛津市亦成為多部電影的拍攝場地，當中包括：

Accident (1967年)
Another Country (1984年)
Howards End (1992年)
Shadowlands (1993年)
The Madness of King George (1994年)
The Saint (1997年)
Wilde (1997年)
Quills (2000年)
Iris (2001年)
哈利波特－神秘的魔法石 (2001年)
哈利·波特與密室 (2002年)
哈利波特－火盃的考驗 (2005年)
The Oxford Murders (2007年)
The Red Violin (1998年)
Oxford Blues (1984年)
The Golden Compass (film) (2007年)

See also Oxford in literature and other media in the University of Oxford article.

[编辑] Notable Oxonians

See: Category:People from Oxford

[编辑] Music from Oxford

See: Category:Music from Oxford

[编辑] 學校

市內有兩所大學，分別是牛津大學及牛津布魯克斯大學。

Oxford is home to wide range of schools many of which receive pupils from around the world. Three are University choral foundations, established to educate the boy choristers of the chapel choirs, and have kept the tradition of single sex education. Examination results in Oxford schools are consistently below the national average and regional average however results in the city are improving with 44% of pupils gaining 5 grades A*-C in 2006.^[7]

See also: Category:Schools in Oxford

[编辑] 地區

Oxford's latitude and longitude are Template:Coor at dms (at Carfax Tower, which is usually considered the centre).

[编辑] Wards, neighbourhoods, and suburbs

The Headington Shark

Abingdon
Barton
Binsey
Blackbird Leys
Botley
Cowley
East Oxford
Cutteslowe
Donnington
Grandpont
Headington
Iffley
Littlemore
Jericho
Marston
North Oxford
Northway
Osney
Rose Hill
Risinghurst
Sandhills
St Ebbes
Summertown
Temple Cowley
Wolvercote
Wood Farm

[编辑] 政府

Many important and famous politicians and people in the political public eye were resident in Oxford, often due to admission to the Univiersity. Most notably of recent times, this list includes Osama bin Laden and Benazzir Bhutto.

[编辑] 牛津市議會

主条目：Oxford local elections

Despite stereotypes of Oxford being a conservative city, there are no elected Conservatives on the city council, although two Liberal Democrat councillors have crossed the floor to join the Conservatives since the last set of elections in 2006. Since the 2004 local elections, the council has been in minority administration, first by councillors from the Labour Party, with the Liberal Democrats being the official opposition. Since 2006 these roles were reversed, although four councillors have since left the Liberal Democrats, two each joining Labour and the Conservatives. With eight city councillors and five county councillors, Oxford has one of the highest Green Party representation for a UK city. The Independent Working Class Association also has councillors, mainly elected to serve wards with many housing estates in the south east of the city, such as Blackbird Leys and Wood Farm. See Oxford Council election 2004 for further information.

Since 2002, elections have been held for Oxford City Council in even years, with each councillor serving a term of four years. Each electoral ward within Oxford is represented by two councillors, thus all wards elect one councillor at each election. Prior to 2002, the City Council was elected by thirds.

Partisan Composition

年份	工黨	自由民主	綠黨	IWCA	保守黨	資料來源
2000年	21	21	7	1	1	[1]
2002年	29	15	3	1	0	[2]
2004年	20	18	7	3	0	[3]
2006年	17	19	8	4	0	[4]
2007年	19	15	8	4	2	[5]

Partisan control

1974 – 1976: Labour
1976 – 1980: Conservative
1980 – 2000: Labour
2000 – 2002: No overall control
2002 – 2004: Labour
2004 – Present: No overall control

[编辑] Westminster representation

A pre-election husting at the Oxford West and Abingdon constituency

The two MPs are Andrew Smith from the Oxford East constituency, erstwhile Secretary of State for Work and Pensions in the Labour government; and Dr Evan Harris from the Oxford West and Abingdon constituency, Liberal Democrat science spokesman. At the 2005 general election, Oxford East became a marginal seat with a Labour majority over the Liberal Democrats of just 963. Oxford West and Abingdon is a safe seat for the Liberal Democrats with Dr Harris enjoying a majority of just under 8,000.

[编辑] 另類文化

There is also a large and vibrant alternative political culture mostly situated in East Oxford. Some examples are:

[编辑] 體育

牛津市是重要的游泳體育中心^{zh-hans:;zh-hant:[來源請求]} 英格蘭業餘游泳協會在1869年成立，but it was much later, in 1909, that Oxford Swimming Club came into existence. In 1939, Oxford had its first major public indoor pool at Temple Cowley in the whole of England. After the pool was installed, swimming began to take off and soon Oxford Swimming Club became Oxford City Swimming Club, and Temple Cowley Pool was its home.

Speedway racing has been staged in Oxford since 1939. The track at Cowley operated in 1940 before closing for a number of years. It then re-opened in 1949 and has enjoyed success and failure in equal amounts.^{zh-hans:;zh-hant:[來源請求]}(Homes of British Speedway by Robert bamford and John Jarvis 2006 Tempus Publishing and the Story of Oxford Speedway written by Glynn Shailes, Robert Bamford and published by Tempus Publishing in 2007.) Details of the 1949 and 1950 seasons can be viewed on www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk

[编辑] Parishes

Unusually for such a compact urban district, Oxford has four civil parishes with parish councils — these are Blackbird Leys, Littlemore, Old Marston and Risinghurst and Sandhills. Note: Littlemore, Marston and Risinghurst and Sandhills have only recently been brought within the city boundary.

[编辑] 商業貿易

The Oxford suburb of Cowley has a long history of carmaking and now produces the BMW MINI.

[编辑] 釀酒

Morrells是在1743年在牛津成立的釀酒公司。He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell, who eventually became the owners.^[8] The brewery building, known as the "Lion Brewery", was located in St Thomas Street. It closed in 1998,^[9] the beer brand names being taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery.^[10], while the 132 tied pubs were bought by "Morrells of Oxford"^[11], who sold the bulk of them on to Greene King in 2002^[12]. The Lion Brewery was converted into luxury apartments in 2002.^[13]