Dayat Atlantic

From Wikipedia

Ipatalos yo pa ya ed salitan Pangasinan. Sarag yon dagdagan o bawasan. Salamat.

The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of the Earth's surface. The ocean's name, derived from Greek mythology, means the "Sea of Atlas." The oldest known mention of this name is contained in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC (I 202).

This ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending in a north-south direction and is divided into the North Atlantic and South Atlantic by Equatorial Counter Currents at about 8° North latitude. Bounded by the Americas on the west and Europe and Africa on the east, the Atlantic is linked to the Pacific Ocean by the Arctic Ocean on the north and the Drake Passage on the south. A man-made connection between the Atlantic and Pacific is provided by the Panama Canal. On the east, the dividing line between the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean is the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica. The Atlantic is separated from the Arctic by a line from Greenland to northwestern Iceland and then from northeastern Iceland to the southernmost tip of Spitsbergen and then to North Cape in northern Norway.^[1]

Covering approximately 20% of Earth's surface, the Atlantic Ocean is second only to the Pacific in size. With its adjacent seas it occupies an area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi); without them, it has an area of 82,400,000 square kilometres (31,800,000 sq mi). The land area that drains into the Atlantic is four times that of either the Pacific or Indian oceans. The volume of the Atlantic Ocean with its adjacent seas is 354,700,000 cubic kilometres (85,100,000 cu mi) and without them 323,600,000 cubic kilometres (77,640,000 cu mi).

The average depths of the Atlantic, with its adjacent seas, is 3,338 metres (10,932 ft); without them it is 3,926 metres (12,881 ft). The greatest depth, 8,605 metres (28,232 ft), is in the Puerto Rico Trench. The width of the Atlantic varies from 2,848 kilometres (1,770 mi) between Brazil and Liberia to about 4,830 kilometres (3,000 mi) between the United States and northern Africa.

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[edit] Water characteristics

The Atlantic Ocean as seen from the west coast of Ireland on a fair day.

On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest of the world's major oceans; the salinity of the surface waters in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand by mass and varies with latitude and season. Surface salinity values are influenced by evaporation, precipitation, river inflow, and melting of sea ice. Although the minimum salinity values are found just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers flow into the ocean. Maximum salinity values occur at about 25° north and south of the equator, in subtropical regions with low rainfall and high evaporation.

Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from less than −2 °Celsius to 29 °C (28 °F to 84 °F). Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7 °C to 8 °C (44°F to 46°F).

The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major water masses. The North and South Atlantic central waters constitute the surface waters. The sub-Antarctic intermediate water extends to depths of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). The North Atlantic deep water reaches depths of as much as 4,000 metres (13,200 ft). The Antarctic bottom water occupies ocean basins at depths greater than 4,000 metres (13,200 ft).

Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate a large elongated body of water known as the Sargasso Sea, in which the salinity is noticeably higher than average. The Sargasso Sea contains large amounts of seaweed and is also the spawning ground for the European eel.

Because of the Coriolis effect, water in the North Atlantic circulates in a clockwise direction, whereas water circulation in the South Atlantic is counter-clockwise. The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours. The tides are a general wave that moves from south to north. In latitudes above 40° North some east-west oscillation occurs.

[edit] Climate

Waves in the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean—areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind—create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes.

The climate of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent land areas is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as the winds blowing across the waters. Because of the ocean's great capacity for retaining heat, maritime climates are moderate and free of extreme seasonal variations. Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from the water temperatures. The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest climatic zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in the high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice. Ocean currents contribute to climatic control by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. Adjacent land areas are affected by the winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents. The Gulf Stream, for example, warms the atmosphere of the British Isles and northwestern Europe, and the cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of northeastern Canada (the Grand Banks area) and the northwestern coast of Africa. In general, winds tend to transport moisture and warm or cool air over land areas. Hurricanes develop in the southern part of the North Atlantic Ocean.

[edit] History

The Atlantic Ocean appears to be the second youngest of the world's oceans, after the Southern Ocean. Evidence indicates that it did not exist prior to 180 million years ago, when the continents that formed from the breakup of the ancestral supercontinent, Pangaea, were being rafted apart by the process of seafloor spreading. The Atlantic has been extensively explored since the earliest settlements were established along its shores. The Vikings, Portuguese, and Christopher Columbus were the most famous among its early explorers. After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established. As a result, the Atlantic became and remains the major artery between Europe and the Americas (known as transatlantic trade). Numerous scientific explorations have been undertaken, including those by the German Meteor expedition, Columbia University's Lamont Geological Observatory, and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office.

Some important events in relation to the Atlantic:

• In 1858, the first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid by Cyrus Field.
• On April 14th 1912 the RMS Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg with loss of 1,593 people.
• In 1919, the American NC-4 became the first airplane to cross the Atlantic (though it made a couple of landings on islands along the way).
• Later in 1919, a British airplane piloted by Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland.
• In 1921, the British were the first to cross the North Atlantic in an airship.
• In 1922, the Portuguese were the first to cross the South Atlantic in an airship.
• The first transatlantic telephone call was made on January 7, 1927.
• In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight in an airplane (between New York City and Paris).
• In 1998, Ben Lecomte was the first person to swim across the Atlantic Ocean, stopping for only one week in the Azores.
• After rowing for 81 days and 4,767 kilometres (2,962 mi), on December 3, 1999, Tori Murden became the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alone when she reached Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.

[edit] Economy

The ocean has also contributed significantly to the development and economy of the countries around it. Besides its major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves and the world's richest fishing resources, especially in the waters covering the shelves. The major species of fish caught are cod, haddock, hake, herring, and mackerel. The most productive areas include the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the shelf area off Nova Scotia, Georges Bank off Cape Cod, the Bahama Banks, the waters around Iceland, the Irish Sea, the Dogger Bank of the North Sea, and the Falkland Banks. Eel, lobster, and whales have also been taken in great quantities. All these factors, taken together, tremendously enhance the Atlantic's great commercial value. Because of the threats to the ocean environment presented by oil spills, marine debris, and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea, various international treaties exist to reduce some forms of pollution.

[edit] Current environmental issues

Endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales. Drift net fishing is killing dolphins, albatrosses and other seabirds (petrels, auks), hastening the decline of fish stocks and contributing to international disputes. There is municipal sludge pollution off the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.

On June 7, 2006, Florida's wildlife commission voted to take the manatee off of the state's endangered species list. Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safeguards for the popular sea creature.

[edit] Major ports and harbours

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[edit] North America

[edit] United States

• Baltimore, Maryland
• Boston, Massachusetts
• Port Canaveral, Florida
• Charleston, South Carolina
• Corpus Christi, Texas
• Port Everglades
• Houston, Texas
• Jacksonville, Florida
• Port of Miami-Dade
• Morehead City, North Carolina
• Nantucket, Massachusetts
• New Haven, Connecticut
• New London, Connecticut
• New Orleans, Louisiana
• New York, New York
• Newport News, Virginia
• Norfolk, Virginia
• Port of Palm Beach
• Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal[1]
• Portland, Maine
• Portsmouth, New Hampshire
• Providence, Rhode Island
• Savannah, Georgia
• Tampa, Florida
• Wilmington, North Carolina

[edit] Canada

• Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
• Digby, Nova Scotia
• Halifax Nova Scotia
• Liverpool, Nova Scotia
• Pictou, Nova Scotia
• Hantsport, Nova Scotia
• Saint John, New Brunswick
• Shelburne, Nova Scotia
• Sept-Îles, Quebec
• St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
• Sydney, Nova Scotia
• Yarmouth, Nova Scotia

[edit] Other North American locales

• Puerto Cortés, Honduras
• Willemstad, Netherlands Antilles

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[edit] Europe

• Aberdeen, United Kingdom
• A Coruña, Spain
• Ålesund, Norway
• Amsterdam, Netherlands
• Antwerp, Belgium
• Avilés, Spain
• Belfast, United Kingdom
• Bergen, Norway
• Bilbao, Spain
• Bodø, Norway
• Bordeaux, France
• Bremen, Germany
• Brest, France
• Bristol, United Kingdom
• Cadiz, Spain
• Cherbourg-Octeville, France
• Cork, Republic of Ireland
• Dublin Port, Republic of Ireland
• Dunkirk, France
• Edinburgh, United Kingdom
• Esbjerg, Denmark
• Funchal, Portugal
• Galway, Republic of Ireland
• Gijón, Spain
• Glasgow, United Kingdom
• Gothenburg, Sweden
• Hafnarfjörður, Iceland
• Hamburg, Germany
• Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands
• Le Havre, France
• Lisbon, Portugal
• Liverpool, United Kingdom
• London, United Kingdom
• Milford Haven, United Kingdom
• Nantes, France
• Narvik, Norway
• Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
• Newport, United Kingdom
• Normandy, France
• Oslo, Norway
• Ostend, Belgium
• Penzance, United Kingdom
• Peterhead, United Kingdom
• Porto, Portugal
• Portsmouth, United Kingdom
• Reykjavík, Iceland
• Rotterdam, Netherlands
• Saint-Nazaire, France
• Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
• Santander, Spain
• Seville, Spain
• Sines, Portugal
• Southampton, United Kingdom
• Stavanger, Norway
• Swansea, United Kingdom
• Tromsø, Norway
• Trondheim, Norway
• Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
• Vigo, Spain

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[edit] South America

• Quequen[2]Argentina
• Bahia Blanca, Argentina
• Mar del Plata, Argentina
• Cayenne, French Guiana
• Punta Arenas, Chile
• Puerto Williams, Chile
• Georgetown, Guyana
• Iquitos, Peru (via the Amazon)
• Pucallpa, Peru (via the Amazon)
• Yurimaguas, Peru (via the Amazon)
• Paramaribo, Suriname

[edit] Brazil

• Belém, Pará
• São Luís , Maranhão
• Fortaleza, Ceará
• Recife, Pernambuco
• Suape,Pernambuco
• Maceió, Alagoas
• Aratu, Bahia
• Salvador, Bahia
• Vitória, Espírito Santo
• Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
• São Sebastião, São Paulo
• Santos, São Paulo
• Paranaguá, Paraná
• Itajaí, Santa Catarina
• São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina
• Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
• Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul

[edit] Africa

• Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
• Accra, Ghana
• Banjul, The Gambia
• Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
• Cape Town, South Africa
• Casablanca, Morocco
• Conakry, Guinea
• Cotonou, Benin
• Dakar, Senegal
• Douala, Cameroon
• Lagos, Nigeria
• Libreville, Gabon
• Lomé, Togo
• Luanda, Angola
• Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
• Monrovia, Liberia
• Nouakchott, Mauritania
• Port Harcourt, Nigeria
• Porto-Novo, Benin
• Praia, Cape Verde
• Rabat, Morocco
• Saldanah, South Africa
• Tangier, Morocco
• Walvis Bay, Namibia

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Note: This list of ports and harbors is very short. For instance, Panama alone has 30 ports.

[edit] References

Much of this article comes from the public domain site http://oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html (dead link). It is now accessible from the Internet Archive at http://web.archive.org/web/20020221215514/http%3a//oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html.

• Disclaimers for this website, including its status as a public domain resource, are recorded on the Internet Archive at http://web.archive.org/web/20020212021049/http%3a//oceanographer.navy.mil/warning.html.

[edit] See also

• Transatlantic
  • Transatlantic flight
• List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean
• Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
• Category:Atlantic hurricanes
• Ocean Highway

[edit] External links

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• Oceanography Image of the Day , from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
• NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer Plot and download ocean observations
• CIA – The World Factbook – Atlantic Ocean