Voiceless postalveolar affricate

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IPA – number	103 (134)
IPA – text	t͡ʃ
IPA – image
Entity	ʧ
X-SAMPA	tS
Kirshenbaum	tS
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiceless palato-alveolar affricate or domed postalveolar affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".

Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar plosive (k, as in English, Slavic languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental plosive by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel.

Contents 1 Features 2 Transcription 3 Occurrence 4 Notes 5 Bibliography 6 See also

[edit] Features

Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then directing it through a groove in the tongue and over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the front of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the body of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
• Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Transcription

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses two symbols together to represent this sound: tʃ. They may be joined with a tiebar (t͡ʃ), and the t may sometimes be given the "retracted" diacritic (t̠ʃ). Formerly a ligature (ʧ) was used. Other phonetic transcriptions used include:

• c
• č
• ch
• tc (older Americanist transcription)
• tš
• cs
• cz

[edit] Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian		çelur	[t͡ʃɛluɾ]	'open'
Aleut	Atkan dialect	chamĝul	[t͡ʃɑmʁul]	'to wash'
Amharic		አንቺ	[ant͡ʃi]	'you' f. sg.
Arabic[1]	Central Palestinian	مكتبة	[ˈmat͡ʃt̪abɐ]	'library'	corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology
	Jordanian	كتاب	[t͡ʃiˈt̪aːb]	'book'
	Iraqi
Azeri		Əkinçi	[ækint͡ʃi]	'the ploughman'
Basque		txalupa	[t͡ʃalupa]	'boat'
Czech		morče	?	'guinea pig'	See Czech phonology
Coptic	Bohairic dialect	ϭⲟϩ	[t͡ʃoh]	'touch'
Croatian		učitelj	[ut͡ʃiteʎ]	'teacher'
Deg Hit'an		example needed	--	--
Dena’ina		example needed	--	--
English		bleach	[bliːt͡ʃ]	'bleach'	See English phonology
Esperanto		ĉar	[t͡ʃar]	'because'
Faroese		tjørn	[t͡ʃɶtn]	'lake'
Georgian[2]		ჩიხი	[t͡ʃixi]	'impasse'
Gwich’in		example needed	--	--
Hän		example needed	--	--
Hebrew		צ'כיה	[t͡ʃɛxja]	'Czech Republic'	See Hebrew phonology
Italian[3]		ciao	[t͡ʃao]	'ciao'	See Italian phonology
Hungarian		gyümölcslé	[ɟymølt͡ʃleː]	'juice'	See Hungarian phonology
K'iche'		K'iche'	[kʼit͡ʃeʔ]	K'iche''	Contrasts with ejective form
Maltese		bliċ	[blit͡ʃ]	'bleach'
Norwegian		kjøkken	[tʃøkːen]	'kitchen'	See Norwegian phonology
Persian		چوب	?	?	See Persian phonology
Portuguese	Brazilian[4]	presidente	[pɾeziˈdẽt͡ʃi]	'president'	Allophone of /t/. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi		example needed	--	--
Romanian		cer	[t͡ʃe̞r]	'sky'	See Romanian phonology
Rotuman[5]		joni	[ˈt͡ʃɔni]	'to flee'
Scottish Gaelic		slàinte	[slaːnt͡ʃə]	'?'
Serbian		Чоколада/čokoláda	[t͡ʃɔkɔˈlaːda]	'chocolate'
Slovak		kľúč	[klʲuːt͡ʃ]	'key'
Spanish[6]		chafar	[t͡ʃaˈfaɾ]	'to flatten'	See Spanish phonology
Turkish		uçak	[ut͡ʃak]	'airplane'	See Turkish phonology
Ubykh		[t͡ʃəbʒəja]		'pepper'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian		чотири	[t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ]	'four'	See Ukrainian phonology

Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Catalan, and Thai have a Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.

[edit] Notes

[edit] Bibliography

• Barbosa, Plínio A. & Eleonora C. Albano (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227-232
• Blevin, Juliette (1994), "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology", Oceanic Linguistics 33(2): 491-516
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
• Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
• Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
• Watson, Janet (2002), written at New York, The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post-​alve​olar Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.