Palatal click

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

IPA – number	179
IPA – text	ǂ
IPA – image
Entity	ǂ
X-SAMPA	=\
Kirshenbaum	c!
Sound sample (help·info)

The palato-alveolar clicks are a family of click consonants found only in Africa. They are commonly called palatal clicks.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the forward articulation of these sounds is ǂ. This must be combined with a symbol for the rear articulation to represent an actual speech sound. Attested palato-alveolar clicks include:

• [k͡ǂ] or [ǂ͡k] voiceless velar palato-alveolar click (may also be aspirated, ejective, affricated, etc.)
• [ɡ͡ǂ] or [ǂ͡ɡ] voiced velar palato-alveolar click (may also be breathy voiced, affricated, etc.)
• [ŋ͡ǂ] or [ǂ͡ŋ] nasal velar palato-alveolar click (may also be voiceless, aspirated, etc.)
• [q͡ǂ] or [ǂ͡q] voiceless uvular palato-alveolar click
• [ɢ͡ǂ] or [ǂ͡ɢ] voiced uvular palato-alveolar click (commonly prenasalized)
• [ɴ͡ǂ] or [ǂ͡ɴ] nasal uvular palato-alveolar click
• [ǂ͡ʔ] glottalized palato-alveolar click

The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them.

[edit] Features

Features of palato-alveolar clicks:

• The manner of articulation is a sharp, plosive-like release.

The rear closure may be voiced, nasal, ejective, or affricate, and have any of several phonations.

• The forward place of articulation is palato-alveolar, which means it is postalveolar and laminal: that is, it is articulated with the blade of the tongue against the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge. The rear place of articulation may be either velar or uvular. The rear closure may be a plosive, nasal, ejective, or affricate, and have any of several phonations.
• Palato-alveolar clicks may be either oral or nasal, which means air is allowed to escape either through the mouth or the nose.
• They are central consonants, which means they are produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is velaric ingressive (AKA lingual ingressive), which means the pocket of air trapped between the two closures is rarefied by a "sucking" action of the tongue, rather than by the glottis or the lungs. The release of the forward closure produces the 'click' sound.

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post-​alve​olar Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.