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Lĭk-sṳ̄ - Wikipedia

Lĭk-sṳ̄

Lài-nguòng: Wikipedia

Lĭk-sṳ̄ (歷史) sê ngiēng-géu téng gó-dā̤ gáu hiêng-câi siŏh cṳ̄ng sê̤ṳ-ŭk gì huák-diēng guó-tiàng gì ìng-ùng kuŏ-hŏk, ngiēng-géu huâng-ùi cĭng kuák, duâi-buô-hông cĭk-dṳ̆ng diŏh nè̤ng gì siâ-huôi uăk-dông, iâ bău-guák cê̤ṳ-iòng-gái gì nó̤h. Gó-dā̤ sū-iū ké̤ṳk nè̤ng gé dék bêng-chiā bō̤-còng gì sê̤ṳ-giông dŭ ô sāi mēu cṳ̄ng hìng-sék gé-luŏh; găk ìng-lôi huák-mìng ùng-cê gé-cái sê̤ṳ-giông cĭ sèng huák-sĕng gì lĭk-sṳ̄ cô hô̤ lō̤ "sṳ̄-cièng".

Să̤-huŏng ngṳ̄-ngiòng diē-sié gì "history" sê téng Gū Hĭ-lé-nà̤-ngṳ̄ gì "ιστορία" (historía), é-sé̤ṳ cô sê "tŭng-guó diêu-că, gé-luŏh, gōng-sŭk lì hŏk-sĭk hĕ̤k-ciā báik-duòng."

[Siŭ-gāi] Ngiēng-géu huŏng-huák

Hĭ-lò̤-dŏ̤-dáik gâe̤ng Siŭ-sṳ̆-dā̤-dáik
Hĭ-lò̤-dŏ̤-dáik gâe̤ng Siŭ-sṳ̆-dā̤-dáik

Lĭk-sṳ̄-hŏk gì ngiēng-géu huŏng-huák sê lĭk-sṳ̄-hŏk-gă sāi-ê̤ṳng nguòng-sṳ̄ cài-lâiu lì ngiēng-géu lĭk-sṳ̄ bêng-chiā gâe̤ng ĭ siā giâ lì ciā guó-tiàng dài-dŏng sū chāi-ê̤ṳng gì gé-sŭk.

Gū Hĭ-lé-nà̤ gì Hĭ-lò̤-dŏ̤-dáik (Herodotus) ké̤ṳk hâiu-sié nè̤ng chĭng có̤ "lĭk-sṳ̄-hŏk cĭ hô". Bók-guó, tàu ciéh chāi-ê̤ṳng kuŏ-hŏk huŏng-huák ngiēng-géu lĭk-sṳ̄ gì nè̤ng sê ĭ dè̤ng sì-dô̤i gì Siŭ-sṳ̆-dā̤-dáik (Thucydides). Siŭ-sṳ̆-dā̤-dáik gâe̤ng Hĭ-lò̤-dŏ̤-dáik mâ̤-liông, ĭ nêng-ùi lĭk-sṳ̄ sê ìng-lôi sōng-dĕk gâe̤ng hèng-dông gì sāng-ŭk, gó-chṳ̄ ĭ cĭk-dṳ̆ng ngiēng-géu lĭk-sṳ̄ sê̤ṳ-giông gì kī-ĭng gâe̤ng hâiu-guō. Găk ĭ gì lĭk-sṳ̄-hŏk huŏng-huák diē-sié, Siŭ-sṳ̆-dā̤-dáik giòng-diêu piĕng-nièng-hŏk (cêu sê áng sì-găng ché̤ṳ-sê̤ṳ bà̤-liĕk sê̤ṳ-giông), dṳ̆ng-lĭk gì guăng-diēng, bêng-chiā nêng-ùi ìng-lôi sié-gái sê ìng-lôi uăk-dông gì sāng-ŭk.

Ĕu-ciŭ ngiê-sāu, Dṳ̆ng-guók Háng-dièu gì Sṳ̆-mā Chiĕng (司馬遷) iâ ké̤ṳk nêng-ùi sê Dṳ̆ng-guók lĭk-sṳ̄-hŏk cĭ hô. Hâiu-sié gì Dṳ̆ng-guók-nè̤ng dŭ piâng ĭ «Sṳ̄ Gé» gì iông-sék siā sṳ̄-cṳ̆.

Téng Dṳ̆ng-sié-gī gáu Ùng-ngiê hók-hĭng sì-gĭ, Ĕu-ciŭ gì lĭk-sṳ̄-hŏk-gă dŏ̤-só chāi-ê̤ṳng cŭng-gáu guăng-diēng ngiēng-géu lĭk-sṳ̄. Dâi-mō̤ 19 sié-gī cĭ hâiu, Dáik-guók diék-hŏk-gă Háik-gáh-ī (Hegel) ciáh ciŏng diék-hŏk gâe̤ng sié-sṳ̆k huŏng-huák dái diē lĭk-sṳ̄-hŏk gì ngiēng-géu.

Gĭng-dáng-nĭk gì lĭk-sṳ̄-hŏk-gă kăi-diēng ngiēng-géu gĕ̤ng-cáuk sèng-hâiu, ék-buăng â̤ muóng â-dā̤ gūi ciéh ông-dà̤:

  1. Sì-găng: ciā cài-lâiu gì lài-nguòng (mò̤ lâung sê cṳ̆-miêng gó sê kēu-tèu) sê miéh-nó̤h sì-dô̤i có̤ chiàng gì?
  2. Dê-diēng: ciā cài-lâiu găk diē-nē̤ có̤ chiàng gì?
  3. Cáuk-ciā: ciā cài-lâiu sê dê̤ṳng có̤ chiàng gì?
  4. Hŭng-sék: ciā cài-lâiu bô sê gŏng-gé̤ṳ sié-nó̤h gáing cā gì cài-lâiu có̤ chiàng gì?
  5. Uòng-cīng-séng: ciā cài-lâiu dék nguòng-sṳ̄ gì hìng-sék sê diē kuāng?
  6. Cĭng-sĭk-séng: ciā cài-lâiu gì nô̤i-ṳ̀ng ô nuâi cĭng?

Cī lĕ̤k ciéh ông-dà̤: sèng sé ciéh ông-dà̤ hô̤ lō̤ "gŏ̤-gék kō̤-céng"; dâ̤ ngô ciéh hô̤ lō̤ "dā̤-gék kō̤-céng"; sèng ngô ciéh biáng lā̤ miàng có̤ "nguôi-buô kō̤-céng", muōi ciéh hô̤ lō̤ "nô̤i-buô kō̤-céng."

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Wikimedia Commons ô guăng-ṳ̀ Lĭk-sṳ̄ gì mùi-tā̤ ùng-giông.
Gì-tă gì ngṳ̄-ngiòng

Static Wikipedia (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2007 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2006 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu

Static Wikipedia February 2008 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu