里約熱內盧

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本文講述的是巴西的一個城市。關於巴西的一個州，詳見「里約熱內盧州」。

此條目仍有文字未被翻譯成中文，條目是根據en:Rio de Janeiro的內容進行翻譯的。（2007年11月3日）
歡迎您协助翻译与校对以改善这篇條目。
长期闲置的非中文内容可能会被移除。

里約熱內盧
Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro


市旗	市徽

里約熱內盧位置圖

经纬度南纬22度54分30秒，西经43度11分47秒

國家

巴西

Region

Southeast

State

里約熱內盧省

市長

Cesar Maia (PFL)

面積

總面積

1260 km²

人口

總人口 (2005年)

5613000

4781/km²

12620000

网站： www.rio.rj.gov.br

里約熱內盧（葡萄牙文：Rio de Janeiro，意即「一月的河」），有時中譯簡稱里約，位於巴西東南部，經緯度南纬22度54分，西经43度14分，是巴西第二大城，仅次于圣保罗，面积1,256平方公里，人口6,094,183人（2005年），其也是巴西的舊首都^[1]，其在1960年以前为巴西首都，後遷至巴西利亞，风景优美，每年吸引大量遊客到此觀光，市境內的里約熱內盧港是世界三大天然良港之一，而里約熱內盧基督像也是世界新七大奇跡之一。

[编辑] 历史

里约热内卢沿岸和Morro de Castello，1919年自Ilha das Cobras, 由Harriet Chalmers Adams。

Guanabara Bay是將來的城市所在地，被葡萄牙探險家Gaspar de Lemos在1502年 1月20日發現。; 因此稱為Rio de Janeiro, "一月河"。這是名稱是一個傳說，因此他们认为海湾口实际是河口, 这是没有经验的水手们会犯错误。因为当时, "河"是任何大面积水体的通称.

非官方的欧洲人在此地出现并未长时间持续。1519年当Ferdinand Magellan在此地的海滩给他的船补给时，法国走私船已经开始使用这座海滩作为他们走私的大本营巴西木材。当法国海军军官Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon 与1555年与一只舰队和两只船到达，与其一起到达的还有600名战士和殖民者，他在这里建立了第一个欧洲永久居住地。殖民地被指为"France Antarctique". 殖民者主要由法国雨格诺教徒与瑞士加尔文教徒组成。Villegaignon于1557年在与一些殖民者的冲突后离开。

這個城市在1565年 3月1日，由葡萄牙騎士Estácio de Sá名為São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro (St. Sebastian of the January River），在塞巴斯蒂昂一世之下成立。整個世紀以來，這移居地通常稱作São Sebastião又稱為Saint Sebastian。这座城市被建做一个用来侵略法国殖民地的基地。他们在1567年成功占领并将法国人驱逐出境。以後，“São Sebastião”經常被海盜及私掠船攻擊，特别是葡萄牙的敌人，如荷兰和法国。

里约热内卢著名的耶稣基督像

里约初始地址确切位于Sugarloaf Mountainat的山脚下Pão-de-Açúcar。后来，整个城市被迁移至一个以一座山包围的山顶中，模仿中世纪欧洲加强防御机制的城堡——而此地后被称为Morro do Castelo（城堡山）。因此，这座城市从现有的市中心（城区，见下）先向南后向北（以大面积的建筑活动来开垦土地）；一个至今仍在继续的城市化过程.

16世紀後期葡萄牙人聚集開始型成村莊一个巴西境内大西洋海上运输的战略位置，非洲殖民地到歐洲也有。建筑城堡并与土著邻邦成立同盟来防御和抵抗侵略者——里约的邻居，例如Niterói，由一个土著统领建立的名为Tamoio Indian Araribóia的地区。其目的为支持防御。甘蔗糖以前是本地的第一产业。土著人与非洲人通常奴隶被雇于手工业。最终工业缩减，巴西北方生产的高品质甘蔗糖产业从而得到发展。

直到18世紀初期，城市多次被威脅及試圖入侵，通常是法國海盜，當中包括Jean-François Duclerc及René Duguay-Trouin。1720年後，當葡萄牙人在Minas Gerais發現黃金及鑽石後，里約熱內盧成為了重要的出口港口。1763年，葡萄牙的殖民地政治將行政權移到里約熱內盧。

Copacabana沙灘

此城市繼續成為殖民地地首都，直到1808年為止，當葡萄牙貴族及皇室害怕拿破崙入侵葡萄牙，遷移到里約熱內盧。此地更成為葡萄牙首都，因此里約熱內盧是唯一一個歐洲國家在歐洲以外地區設立首都的城市。那個時候，對於貴族突然遷徙，城市沒辦法建設空間給予適當的環境貴族居住。

1822年，佩德罗一世宣佈巴西獨立，他決定將里約熱內盧成為國家的首都，不過城市逐漸失去重要性，他將經濟和政治中心遷移到聖保羅。

當君主制被共和國所代替，里約熱內盧仍是巴西的首都。

Copacabana Palace Hotel于Copacabana海滩，是里约热内卢最著名、最豪华的旅馆之一，建于19世纪20年代

直到20世紀早期，城市開始發展到有分區的情況（見下文），市中心的重心开始向南和西转移，至一个被称为Zona Sul（北方地区）的地区，第一條丈在山下的隧道建成通往Botafogo与邻近的城市，其现名为Copacabana。那座海滩的天然美，与其美誉并称Copacabana Palace Hotel，美洲19世纪30年代的豪华酒店，到現仍里約熱內盧仍成為派對主要進行城市(尽管，此美誉近年来多少被毒品贸易所导致的暴力诋毁）。

Image:Rio08.jpg

Ipanema海滩

巴西有意將首都移到國家的中心，而當時亦有遷都的討論，1955年當總統Juscelino Kubitschek大力推行建設新的首都。尽管有很多意见认为这只是选举修辞学, Kubitschek仍想于1960年前在大海滩地区建立巴西利亞。4月21日，巴西正式將首都轉移到巴西利亞。

1960年至1975年里約熱內盧是一個Guanabara州城邦（類似德國漢堡、奧地利維也納及美國的華盛頓）。不過因行政及政治原因，一个被称为"A Fusão"（"融合"）总统政令使城市的联邦状态不复存在并将其于1975年与state of Rio de Janeiro并吞。直到現在，Cariocas仍倡议城市应当擁有自治權。

[编辑] 分区

市政劇院，建於20世紀初，原是歌劇舞台，部份建議複製巴黎歌劇院。

一般而言, 里約熱內盧區分為以下地區：舊市區(中區), 方便外國遊客旅遊, 擁有世界著名海灘的南區, 工廠集中的北區, 以及新市鎮的西區.

[编辑] 市中心

市中心（Centro）是市內的金融中心。 Sites of interest include the so-called Paço Imperial, built during colonial times to serve as residence to the Portuguese governors of Brazil; many historic churches, such as the Candelária Church, the colonial Cathedral and the modern-style Rio de Janeiro Cathedral. Around the Cinelandia square there are several landmarks of the Belle Epoque of Rio, like the Municipal Theatre and the National Library building. Among its several museums, the Museu Nacional de Belas Artes (National Museum of Fine Arts) and the Museu Histórico Nacional (National Historical Museum) are the most important. Other important historical attractions in central Rio include its Passeio Público, an 18th-century public garden, as well as the imposing arches of the Arcos da Lapa, a Roman-style aqueduct built around 1750. A bondinho (tram) leaves from a city centre station, crosses the aqueduct (converted to a tram viaduct in 1896) and rambles through the hilly streets of the Santa Teresa neighbourhood nearby.

市中心是城市的商業心臟地帶，最具規模的巴西公司在此設立總部，包括巴西石油及淡水河谷公司（其中兩家最具規模的巴西企業）。

[编辑] 南区

Ipanema沙灘，位於南區。as featured in the Tom Jobim and Vinicius de Morais song The Girl from Ipanema. Dois irmãos belvedere can be seen in the background.

里約熱內盧南區是有多個地區， amongst which are São Conrado, Leblon, Ipanema, Arpoador, Copacabana and Leme,包括了里約熱內盧的沙灘線。其他的地區包括了Botafogo, Flamengo and Urca, which border Guanabara Bay and Lagoa, Gávea, Jardim Botânico and Laranjeiras.

The neighbourhood of Copacabana beach hosts one of the world's most spectacular New Year's Eve parties ("Reveillon"), as more than two million revellers crowd onto the sands to watch the firework display. As of 2001, the fireworks have been launched from boats, to improve the safety of the event.

Pedra da Gavea

Image:Leblon3.jpg

Leblon

[编辑] 北区

北區是足球場Maracanã stadium所在地，曾是世界上容納觀眾最多的球土場，在1950年舉辦世界杯足球賽。In modern times its capacity has been reduced to conform with modern safety regulations and the stadium has introduced seating for all fans. Currently undergoing renovation, it only has the capacity for 45,000 fans, it will eventually hold around 120,000 people. Maracanã will be the site for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and football competition of the 2007 泛英運動智會.

Besides the Maracanã, the North Zone of Rio also holds other tourist and historical attractions, such as 'Manguinhos', the home of Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, a centenarian biomedical research institution with a main building fashioned like a Moorish palace, and the beautiful Quinta da Boa Vista, the park where the historical old Imperial Palace is located. Nowadays, the palace hosts the National Museum, specialising in Natural History, Archaeology and Ethnology.

[编辑] 西区

View of Leblon

[编辑] 气候

里约热内卢属于热带干湿季气候，终年高温，一年中有明显的干季与雨季，年降雨量在1300毫米左右。在12月到4月的干季，由于受副高或干燥信风带控制，气流干燥以下沉为主，不易形成降水；在5月到11月的雨季，由于受赤道低压带控制，降水丰富，降水类型多为对流雨。

	1月	2月	3月	4月	5月	6月	7月	8月	9月	10月	11月	12月	年
最高温度 (°C)	30	31	29	28	27	26	25	26	25	26	28	29	29
最低温度 (°C)	21	21	20	20	19	18	17	18	17	20	21	21	20
降水量 (cm)	114	104	104	137	86	81	70	64	59	86	90	170	109

[编辑] 社会条件

Rocinha贫民窟全景

山上的贫民窟和右侧的喜来登大饭店

里约热内卢是一个贫富对比鲜明的城市。尽管该市无疑属于世界主要大都市之一，该市650万居民中却有高达15%的人居住条件恶劣。穷人区中条件最差的贫民窟称为“favela”，拥挤在山坡上，在那里不容易建造牢固的建筑，遇到暴雨时经常发生事故。贫民窟地区还有毒品犯罪、团伙殴斗、警察暴力、缺乏卫生设施等各种社会问题。

里约热内卢贫民窟的独特之处在于它们距离富人区非常之近。上流社会的社区Ipanema和Copacabana夹在海滩和群山之间，而山上就是穷人区所在。

[编辑] 文化

[编辑] 种族

里约热内卢的大部分人口属于葡萄牙人后裔，也有很多人是非洲人后裔，或葡萄牙人与黑人的混血。该市其他重要的族裔还有德国裔、意大利裔、西班牙裔、阿拉伯裔、犹太人、韩国裔、日本裔以及印第安人。

[编辑] 狂欢节

里约热内卢主內有多個的狂欢节，包括著名的 Escolas de Samba (Samba schools) parades in the sambódromo exhibition centre and the popular 'blocos de carnaval', which parade in almost every corner of the city. The most famous ones are the following:

Cordão do Bola Preta：市中心的遊行活動，是傳統的嘉年華。2006年，總共有20萬人參與。
Suvaco do Cristo: Band that parades in the Botanic Garden, directly below the Redeemer statue's arm. The name, in English, translates as 'Christ's armpit', and was chosen for that reason.
Carmelitas: Band that was supposedly created by nuns, but in fact it is just a theme chosen by the band. It parades in the hills of Santa Teresa, which have very nice views.
Simpatia é Quase Amor: One of the most popular parades in Ipanema. Translates as 'Friendliness is almost love'.
Banda de Ipanema: The most traditional in Ipanema. It attracts a wide range of revellers, including families and a wide spectrum of the gay population (notably spectacular drag queens).

[编辑] 文化活动

Sugar Loaf

里约热内卢是南美洲最大的城市之一，但该市更为知名的是他一年中举行的各种各样的文化庆典活动，其中最著名的就是狂欢节，在传统的天主教四旬斋禁食期的两周之前举行。

届时来自世界各地的人来到里约热内卢参与并见证这次狂欢。狂欢节意味着大量的人群、美食、色彩，当然还有桑巴舞。狂欢节的庆祝结束于“Mardi Gras”星期二。

除了狂欢节，新年也是里约热内卢的一个重要节日，届时会举办几场音乐会，并且在全市燃放焰火，规模最大的是在Copacabana海滩。人们穿着白色的衣服，一些人还

[编辑] 体育

里约热内卢即将主办2007年泛美运动会。其他知名的比賽是MotoGP巴西大獎賽及世界沙灘排球錦標賽決賽。Jacarepaguá曾是一級方程式賽車1978年-1990年賽站巴西大獎賽以及是1996-1999年Champ Car賽事舉行地點。WCT/WQS Surf championships was contested on the beaches from 1985-2001. The city is building a new stadium near the Maracanã, to hold 145,000 people. It will be named after Brazilian ex-FIFA president João Havelange.里約熱內盧曾申辦2012年夏季奧林匹克運動會，但未能成為最後申辦城市。Copacabana沙灘would have been the site of the triathlon and beach volleyball, while yachting competitions would have been held in Guanabara Bay. 2006年9月16日，城市宣佈申辦2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會，最後獲選為申辦城市之一，將於2009年投票。

Interior of Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

體育是受歡迎的娛樂之一。最受歡迎運動是足球。里約熱內盧是四隊巴西傳統勁旅的根據地，保地花高、法林明高、費倫明斯以及華斯高.

其他受歡迎運動包括沙灘足球、沙灘排球、滑浪、kitesurfing、hang gliding、賽車、巴西柔術, recreational sailing, and competitive rowing. The peculiarly Brazilian dance/sport/martial art Capoeira is also popular. Another sport that is highly popular on the beaches of Rio is called "Fresco Ball" (or Matkot), a type of beach tennis.

里約熱內盧亦是攀石者的天堂，市內有數百個攀爬點，ranging from easy boulders to highly technical big wall climbs, all inside the city. The most famous, Rio's granite mountain, the Sugar Loaf (Pão de Açúcar), is an example, with routes from the easy 3rd grade (American 5.4, French 3) to the extremely difficult 9th grade (5.13/8b), up to 280 metres.

Hang gliding in Rio de Janeiro started in the mid 1970s and quickly proved to be perfectly suited for this town, due to its geography; steep mountains encounter the Atlantic Ocean, which provide excellent take-off locations and great landing zones on the beach. Starting with amateur flights, this activity soon turned into a profitable industry of tandem hang gliding with some very experienced pilots at a cost for a ride around US$ 100.00.在12月至3月的夏季通常要預約才能夠使用。

釣魚是巴西普及的活動。在里約熱內盧，有一道地方可以找到很多巴西銅魚，又名為peixe de cobre.不少市集售賣peixes de cobre，牠們為巴西人日常主要食物。

[编辑] 交通

A map of Rio de Janeiro subway and integrated bus lines.

在里約熱內盧，巴士是主要集體運輸工具。總共有超過440條巴士線，每天接載400萬名乘客，以及連接其他路線的城市。雖然便宜和頻密，但是市內有交通政策以減才市內堵車及增加乘客流量。

Rio de Janeiro has two subway lines (Metro Rio) and several commuter rail lines. Future plans include building a third subway line to Niterói and São Gonçalo, including an underwater tunnel beneath Guanabara Bay to supplement the ferry service currently there.

In Brazil, most interstate transportation is done by road. A large terminal for long-distance buses is in the Santo Cristo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro.市內還有兩個港口接載乘客 (里約熱內盧及 Sepetiba港)。

[编辑] 机场

NASA里約熱內盧衛星映像

市內有五個機場。

Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport: 所有國際航班以及部份國內長距離航機會使用此機場。
Santos Dumont Regional Airport: 里約熱內盧首個機場及前國際機場。部份航班是通往里約熱內盧省，特別是北方生產石油的城市。
Aeroporto de Jacarepaguá: 位於Barra da Tijuca區。現時由Aeroclube do Brasil（巴西飛行協會）管理，負責小型飛機的升降。 - São Paulo Air Shuttle Service since it is just inside Barra, the city's fastest-growing district.
Campo dos Afonsos: 軍用機場，當巴西空軍舉行航空展時會使用。另外亦舉辦MUSAL (Museu Aero-Espacial)，是拉丁美州其中一個大型航空展覽。
Santa Cruz Air Base：軍用機場。

[编辑] 公园与广场

[编辑] 當地名人

'Cariocas', as residents of Rio de Janeiro are called in Brazil, have made extensive contributions to Brazil's history, culture, music, literature, education, science, technology etc. – particularly when Rio de Janeiro was the federal capital and a great hub of Brazilian growth and innovation in all these areas. Some important Cariocas, who were born in Rio, are:

Adolfo Lutz，物理及科學家
Adriano Leite Ribeiro，足球運動員
Bruno Barreto，電影導演
Carlos Nemer, architect and civil engineer
Carlos Chagas Filho，物理及科學家
Carlos Lacerda，里約熱內盧市長
Carolina Solberg，沙灘排球運動員
Chico Buarque，作曲家、歌手、作家
Bruno Campos演員
Fernanda Montenegro演員
Fernando Henrique Cardoso，社會學家，兩任巴西總統
Garrincha，足球運動員
Heitor Villa-Lobos, classic composer and regent
Ismael Silva，歌手兼作曲家
Isabel Clark，滑板運動員
Jaguar, cartoonist
Jô Soares, television entertainer and writer
Jorge Ben Jor，歌手及作曲家
Machado de Assis，作家
Madame Satã, famous outlaw
Marisa Monte，歌手兼作曲家
Millôr Fernandes, cartoonist and playwright
Milton Nascimento，歌手兼作曲家
Nelson Piquet賽車手。
Noel Rosa，歌手兼作曲家
Oscar Niemeyer，建築設計師
Paulinho da Viola，森巴舞高手
Paulo Coelho作家
Emperor D. Pedro II
Pixinguinha, one of the fathers of Chorinho music
Baden Powell, composer and musician (guitar)
Royce Gracie, Mixed Martial Arts and Grappling legend
羅馬里奧,，足球運動員
朗拿度，足球運動員
Sérgio Vieira de Mello，外交官
Silvio Santos，電視台老闆
Tom Jobim, composer and musician, one of the creators of Bossa Nova
Vinícius de Moraes, writer, poet, musician and diplomat
Walter Salles,，電影導演
薜高，足球運動員及教練

[编辑] 教育

國立大學
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológico Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET) - Celso Suckow da Fonseca Federal Center for Technological Education
- Escola Nacional de Ciências Estatísticas (ENCE) - National School of Statistics Sciences
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) – State University of Rio de Janeiro
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF) – Norh Fluminense State University [Located in the nearby city of Campos]
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) – Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) – Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro [Located in the nearby city of Seropédica]
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) – "Fluminense" Federal University [Fluminense, in Portuguese, is someone who is born in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This university is located in the nearby city of Niterói]
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) – Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME) – Military Institute of Engineering
- Instituto Superior de Educação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ISERJ) - Superior Institute for Education of the State of Rio de Janeiro

研究中心及書院
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF) – Brazilian Center for Physics Research
- Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello (CENPES) - Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center
- Escola de Comando e Estado Maior do Exército (ECEME) - Army School of Command and Estado Maior [Estado Maior is a sector of the Brazilian army]
- Insituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Engenharia (COPPE) – Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering
- Insituto de Energia Nuclear (IEN) - Nuclear Energy Institute
- Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA) – National institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) – Oswaldo Cruz Institute
- Instituto Radioproteção e Dosimetria (IRD) – Radiation Protection and Dosimetry Institute
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC) – National Laboratory for Scientific Computing [Located in the nearby city of Petrópolis]
- Observatório Nacional (ON) – National Observatory

私立大學
- Centro de Ensino Superior de Valença (CESVA) [Located in the nearby city of Valença]
- Centro Universitário Augusto Motta (UNISUAM)
- Faculdade Angel Vianna
- Faculdade Anglo Americano
- Faculdade Arthur Sá Earp Neto (FASE) [Located in the nearby city of Petrópolis]
- Faculdade Carioca
- Faculdade Centro de Cultura Anglo-Americana (CCAA)
- Faculdade de Ciências Agro-Ambientais (FCAA)
- Faculdade de Medicina de Campos (FMC) [Located in the nearby city of Campos]
- Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis (FMP) [Located in the nearby city of Petrópolis]
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Nova Friburgo (FONF) [Located in the nearby city of Nova Friburgo]
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Campos (FOC) [Located in the nearby city of Campos]
- Faculdade de São Bento do Rio de Janeiro
- Faculdades Integradas Hélio Alonso (FACHA)
- Faculdades Integradas Bennett
- Faculdades Souza Marques
- Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV) – Getúlio Vargas Foundation
- Instituto Brasileiro de Medicina de Reabilitação (IBMR)
- Instituto Brasileiro de Mercado de Capitais (IBMEC) – Brazilian Institute of Capital Markets
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) – Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
- Universidade Cândido Mendes (UCAM)
- Universidade Católica de Petrópolis (UCP) [Located in the nearby city of Petrópolis]
- Universidade Estácio de Sá
- Universidade Iguaçu (UNIG) [Located in the nearby city of Nova Iguaçu]
- Universidade Gama Filho (UGF)
- Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO)
- Universidade Santa Úrsula (USU)
- Universidade Univercidade
- Universidade Veiga de Almeida (UVA)

公眾及私立學院
- Centro de Educação e Cultura da Barra (CEC)
- Colégio Santa Marcelina
- Colégio Pentágono
- Colégio Pedro II
- Colégio Princesa Isabel
- Colégio Andrews
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET) - Federal Center of Technology Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca
- Centro Educacional Vieirence
- Charles Péguy
- Colégio Subtente Duplar Pires de Mello
- Corcovado
- Colégio da Imaculada Conceição
- CEL- Centro Educacional da Lagoa
- Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro (EARJ)(American School)
- Escola Parque
- EDEM
- Instituto de Educação Sarah Kubitschek
- Instituto Analice
- São Bento - Saint Benedict School
- Santo Ignácio
- Santo Agostinho - Saint Augustin School
- São Vicente de Paula
- Sion
- FAETEC - Support Foundation of the Technical Schools
- Colégio dos Santos Anjos
- Colégio Marista São José
- Liceu Molière - Lyceé Molière
- Liceu Franco-Brasileiro
- CEAT- Educacional Center Aloísio Teixeira
- Teresiano
- PH
- Colégio Nossa Senhora de Lourdes
- Colégio de Aplicação da U.F.R.J.
- CEFETEQ de Nilópolis - Nilópolis Federal Tecnological Center of Chemistry
- Military School of Rio de Janeiro
- The British School-Rio de Janeiro

[编辑] 参考

[编辑] 友好城市

Image:PaodeAcucar.JPG

The Sugar Loaf

[编辑] 外部链接

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