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Andreas König 17:13, 23. Mär. 2008 (CET) ______________________________________________________________________________
Meat Pies sind in der australischen und neuseeländischen Küche ein beliebtes Fast-Food und werden dort an Imbißständen in Busbahnhöfen und Bahnhöfen sowie in Backshops angeboten, aber auch zu Hause zubereitet (bzw. aufgewärmt). Meat Pies werden auch tiefgefroren verkauft. Sie haben dort einen ähnlichen Status wie hierzulande Hamburger oder Pizza. In Australien werden sie geradezu als nationales Symbol angesehen. Der Premier von New South Wales bezeichnete sie 2003 als Australiens "Nationalgericht" [1]
Von der bekannten Marke Four'N'Twenty werden pro Stunde 50.000 Stück hergestellt, jeder Australier isst durchschnittlich 12 Meat Pies pro Jahr. [2]. Meat Pies sind eng mit Sportarten wie Rugby, Australian Football, Cricket und anderen Sportarten verbunden, da sie gern während des Spieles (oder mit einer Büchse Bier vor dem Fernseher) konsumiert werden.
[Bearbeiten] Rezept
Das klassische Grundrezept besteht aus einer Teighülle mit einer Füllung aus Rindfleisch und Gravy als geschmacksbestimmender Komponente (einer aus Bratensaft hergestellten englischen Soße). Teilweise wird das Rindfleisch durch eine Fleischmasse oder Hühnerfleisch ersetzt. Meat Pies müssen nach den Regularien der FSANZ seit dem 21. März 2007 mindestens 25% Muskelfleisch enthalten. fleischlose Pies sind in Ausralien und Neuseeland kaum üblich. Hingegen werden andere Zutaten, wie Käse, Kartoffeln, teils auch Gemüse hinzugefügt.
[Bearbeiten] Industrielle Herstellung
Die Hersteller in Australien sind vorwiegend in den einzelnen Bundesstaaten tätig, was aus den großen Transportentfernungen und den Fehlenden Kühlungsmöglichkeiten in den frühen Jahren der Profuktion resultiert. Viele Pies in kleineren Imbissen werden nicht unter einem Markennamen verkauft und können aus lokaler Produktion, von einem großen Markenhersteller oder auch importiert sein. Die gefrorenen, entweder vorgebackenen oder bereits fertiggebackenen Pies werden vor dem Verzehr aufgewärmt oder fertiggebacken.
Der autralische Hersteller Four'N'Twenty führt sein Produkt auf eine Erfindung im Jahr 1947 durch einen gewissen L. T. McClure in einer kleinen Bäckerei in Bendigo zurück. Wegen seiner Verbindungen zum Australian Football hat die Marke in Victoria Kultstatus und auch in anderen Bundesstaaten eine hohe Bekanntheit.
Der Hersteller Sargent führt seine Produktion bis 1906 zurück. Sargents Meat Pies wurden bei der Eröffnung des were served at the opening of the Old Parliament House in Canberra 1927 serviert — besser gesagt 10.000 nicht verzehrte Pies mussten später vergraben werden.
In South Australia stellt Balfours seit den frühen 1900er Jahren Meat Pies her und ist mit Vili's einer der zwei wichtigen Hersteller dieses Bundesstaates. Auch diese Hersteller beliefern zahlreiche Spiele der Australischen Football-Liga.
Die in Western Australia hergestellten "Mrs Mac's Pies" werden heute landesweit vertrieben, oft an Imbisständen und in Eckläden. Sie betonen im starkem Wettbewerb des Fastfoot-Marktes Qualität und ungewöhnliche Füllungen.
In Victoria sind bekannte Hersteller Clarke's Pies aus Mortlake, Kings Pies aus Hamilton, Gillies aus Bendigo, Beaumont's Pies aus Geelong und Patties Pies aus Bairnsdale.
In Tasmanien ist der wichtigste Hersteller National Pies (trotz des Namens ist das Unternehmen nur in Tasmanien tätig). National Pies stellt hauptsächlich Pies mit einer Fäülle aus Rindfleischmasse und "Cottage Pies" mit einer Decke aus Kartoffelbrei her. Die Pies dieser Marke sind im Gegensatz zu dem meisten anderen nicht rund, sondern eckig.
Bekannte Marken in Neuseeland sind Big Ben, Mrs Mac und Ponsonby Pies". Die neuseeländischen/australischen Meat Pies werden mittlerweile auch im Ausland als kulinarische Spezialität aus"Down under" angeboten [3].
[Bearbeiten] Nährwert
Der Premier von New South Wales, Bob Carr veranstaltet 2002 ein Gipfeltreffen zum Thema übergewichtigter Kinder, auf dem er äußerte, dass die Ernährung von Kindern nur mit Meat pies, Sausage rolls and Chiko rolls der Kindesmisshandlung nahe komme.
Im April 2002 führte die Australian Consumers Association eine Studie mit 22 Tiefkühl-Pies aus Supermärkten durch. Drei Marken hatten nicht den durch die Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) vorgeschriebenen Fleischgehalt von mindestens 25%, der Fettgehalt betrug 15-35 g Fett pro Pie. Die Studie bezog sich jedoch auf Standard-Produkte aus der Tiefkühltruhe, nicht auf frisch gebackene Meat Pies, deren Nährwert je nach Hersteller sehr unterschiedlich sein kann. Eine weitere Studie der ACA 2006 ermittelte bereits bei 5 von 23 Proben eine Unterschreitung des Mindest-Fleischgehaltes von 25%.
2006 verlieh die ACA dem Hersteller Black and Gold den Preis "The CHOICE Shonky Award for UnAustralian Content" für ihre Meat Pies mit lediglich 17 % Fleisch.[4]
Durch die FSANZ sind in Meat Pies folgende Fleischsorten erlaubt: Rind, Büffel, Kamel, Hirsch, Ziege, Hase, Schwein, Geflügel, Kaninchen und Schaf. Auch das magere Känguruhfleisch wird gelegentlich eingesetzt. Die meisten Hersteller führen "Rindfleisch" (Beef) explizit in der Zutatenliste auf, bei anderen Fleischsorten wird in der Regel nur "Fleisch" in der Zutatenliste aufgeführt. Die Definition der FSANZ für "Fleisch" umfasst auch Schnauze, Ohren, Zungenwurzel, Sehnen und Blutgefäße. Nur Innereien wie Hirn, Herz, Leber, Niere, Zunge und Kutteln müssen in der Zutatensliste angegeben werden. Wildtiere, die in freier Wildbahn gejegt wurden, dürfen nicht verwendet werden.[5]
[Bearbeiten] "The Great Aussie Meat Pie Contest"
Seit 1990 [6], findet in Australien ein Wettbewerb um den besten kommerziell hergestellten australischen Meat Pie statt. Der The Great Aussie Meat Pie Contest soll die Produktqualität fördern und das mediale Interesse auf die Pies lenken. Allerdings ist der Wettbewerb von der allgegenwärtigen Werbung der großen Hersteller dominiert.
Der Wettbewerb zieht Hersteller aus ganz Australien an [7][8]. Die Pies werden zur Vermeidung von Vorbehalten der Juroren gegen bestimmte Marken oder Herkunftsstaaten blind verkostet. Neben dem Wettbewerb für "Alltags-Pies" gibt es einen weiteren für"Gourmet"-Pies mit Kategorien beispielsweise für Hühnerfleisch, Seafood und sogar vegetarische Pies. Neben dem wegen seiner stark umsatzförderlichen Wirkung begehrten Hauptpreis werden bei Erreichen bestimmter Kriterien Qualitätszertifikate vergeben.
[Bearbeiten] Quellen
- ↑ http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/s803054.htm Sausage Roll Policy
- ↑ [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/07/20/1058639657123.html Bye-bye American pie - www.theage.com.au
- ↑ http://www.dubpies.com/
- ↑ The CHOICE Shonky for UnAustralian Content
- ↑ Body parts and gravy?
- ↑ History of the Great Aussie Meat Pie Contest
- ↑ Bakery's pie success - The Ararat Advertiser, 2 Okt. 2007
- ↑ The pies have it! - The Sunshine Coast Daily, 30 Sept. 2007
Kategorie:Fast Food Kategorie:Australische Küche Kategorie:Neuseeländische KücheVorlage:Infobox New Zealand Political Party
Die New Zealand National Party (umgangssprachlich "National" oder "the Nats") ist eine der großen politischen Parteien in Neuseeland. Im 48.Parlament von Neuseeland ist sie mit der zweitgrößten Anzahl an Parlamentssitzen vertreten. Sie ist damit die wichtigste Oppositionspartei. "National" ist die mitgliederstärkste rechtskonservative Partei in Neuseeland.
[Bearbeiten] Politik
Die National Party verfolgt eine Politik der Steuerreduzierung, des Abbaues sozialer Leistungen und befürwortet den Freihandel. Sie möchte Neuseelands Rolle in Neuselands traditionellen Militär- und Sicherheitsbündnissen erhalten oder wiederherstellen und sieht sich als Befürworter gleicher Bürgerrechte für alle Neuseeländer ("One law for all"). Die Parteiziele setzen sich für eine Verdoppelung des Wirtschaftswachstums in Neuseeland ein. Sozialleistungen sollen nur den "wieklich Bedürftigen" zugute kommen. Die Ansprüche aus dem historischen Vertrag von Waitangi sollen "schnell, vollständig und endgültig" geklärt werden.
[Bearbeiten] Organisation
Die Partei hat Organisationsstrukturen sowohl auf regionaler Ebene als auch auf der Ebene der Wahlbezirke. Im Ergebnis der Wahlen 2002 entschloss man sich, die regionalen Strukzuren zu schwächen und die Partei stärker zu zentralisieren. Der Parteipräsident (Judy Kirk) führt ausserheads the administration outside of National's current sitting MPs.
Historically, the Party's youth wing, the Young Nationals, commonly known as the "Young Nats", has provided much political impetus as a ginger group: it gained a reputation as "the" social organisation in rural New Zealand and in some urban circles. Vorlage:Fact
A group called the Bluegreens exists within National and advises on environmental policy.
[Bearbeiten] History
[Bearbeiten] Formation
The National Party officially formed in May 1936, but its roots go considerably further back. The party came about as the result of a merger between the United Party (known as the Liberal Party until 1927, except for a short period between 1925 and 1927 when it used the name "National Party") and the Reform Party. The United Party gained its main support from the cities, and drew upon businesses for money and upon middle class electors for votes, while the Reform Party had a rural base and received substantial support from farmers, who then formed a substantial proportion of the population.
Historically, the Liberal and Reform parties had competed against each other, but from 1931 until 1935 a coalition between the United and Reform parties held power in New Zealand. The coalition went into the 1935 election under the title of the "National Political Federation", a name adopted to indicate that the grouping intended to represent New Zealanders from all backgrounds (in contrast to the previous situation, where United served city-dwellers and Reform served farmers). However, because of the effects of the Great Depression and a perception that the existing coalition government had handled the situation poorly, the National Political Federation lost heavily in 1935 to the Labour Party, the rise of which had originally prompted the alliance.
A new party, called the New Zealand National Party, formed at a meeting held in Wellington on May 13 and 14, 1936. Erstwhile members of the United and Reform parties made up the bulk of the new party. George Forbes, Prime Minister from 1930 until 1935 and United Party Leader, opened the conference; he served as Leader of the Opposition and leader of the New Zealand National Party (largely as a stop-gap measure pending the election of a new leader) from May until November, when the party elected Reform MP Adam Hamilton as its leader. Hamilton led the Party into its first election in 1938. He got the top job primarily due to a compromise between George Forbes (former leader of United) and Gordon Coates (former leader of Reform), neither of whom wished to serve under the other. Hamilton, however, failed to counter Labour's popular Prime Minister, Michael Joseph Savage effectively. This, along with perceptions that he remained too much under the control of Coates and that he lacked real support from his party colleagues, saw Hamilton fail to prevent Labour's re-election in 1938.
In 1940 Sidney Holland replaced Hamilton. William Polson "acted effectively as Holland's deputy" (Gustafson).
The 1943 election saw Labour's majority reduced, but it remained in power. In the 1946 elections, National also failed to unseat Labour. However, in the 1949 elections, thirteen years after the party's foundation, National finally won power, and Holland became Prime Minister.
[Bearbeiten] The First National Government
Vorlage:Mainarticle
In 1949 National had campaigned on "the private ownership of production, distribution and exchange". Once in power the new Holland Government proved decidedly administratively conservative, retaining, for instance, the welfare state set up by the previous Labour Government; though National gained, and has largely kept, a reputation for showing more favour to farmers and to business than did the Labour Party.
In 1951 the Waterfront Dispute broke out, lasting 151 days. The National government stepped into the conflict, acting in opposition to the maritime unions. Holland also used this opportunity to call the 1951 snap election. Campaigning on an anti-Communist platform and exploiting the Labour Opposition's apparent indecisiveness, National returned with an increased majority, gaining 54 parliamentary seats out of 80.
In the 1954 elections, National again won, though losing some of its seats, and Holland became Prime Minister for a third term. Towards the end of his third term, however, Holland became increasingly ill, and stepped down from the leadership shortly before the general election in 1957. Keith Holyoake, the party's long-standing deputy leader, took Holland's place. Holyoake, however, had insufficient time to establish himself in then public mind as Prime Minister, and lost in the election later that year to Labour, then led by Walter Nash.
[Bearbeiten] Second National Government
Vorlage:Mainarticle Nash's government became very unpopular. Labour quickly acquired a reputation for poor economic management,Vorlage:Fact and much of the public saw its 1958 Budget, known since as the "Black Budget", as miserly and puritanical. After only one term in office, Labour suffered defeat at the hands of Holyoake and the National Party in the elections of 1960.
Holyoake's government lasted twelve years, the Party gaining re-election three times (in 1963, 1966, and 1969). However, this period also saw the rise of Social Credit, which broke the National/Labour duopoly in parliament, winning former National seats from 1966. Holyoake retired from the Prime Ministership and from the Party leadership at the beginning of 1972, and his deputy, Jack Marshall, replaced him.
Marshall suffered the same fate as Holyoake. Having succeeded an experienced leader in an election-year, he failed to establish himself in time. Marshall had an added disadvantage; he had to compete against the much more popular and charismatic Norman Kirk, then leader of the Labour Party, and lost the ensuing election.
[Bearbeiten] Third National Government
Vorlage:Mainarticle
Within two years the Party removed Marshall as its parliamentary leader and replaced him with Robert Muldoon, who had previously served as Minister of Finance. An intense contest between Kirk and Muldoon followed. In a stroke of luck for Muldoon, Kirk became ill and died in office (1974); his successor, Bill Rowling, proved no match for Muldoon, and in the 1975 elections, National under Muldoon returned comfortably to power.
The Muldoon administration, which favoured interventionist economic policies, arouses mixed opinions amongst the majority free-market adherents of the modern National. Bill Birch's "Think Big" initiatives, designed to invest public money in major projects, stand in contrast to the Party's contemporary views. Muldoon's interventionist economics, increasingly unpopular with both the public and the Party, caused an attempted leadership change in 1980. Led by ministers Derek Quigley, Jim McLay, and Jim Bolger, the challenge (dubbed the "colonels' coup") against Muldoon aimed to replace him with Brian Talboys, his deputy. However, the plan collapsed as the result of Talboys' unwillingness, and Muldoon kept his position.
Under Muldoon, National won elections in 1978 and 1981. However, public dissatisfaction with Government policies grew, and Muldoon's controlling and belligerent style of leadership became less and less appealing. In the 1981 election, National gained fewer votes than the Labour opposition, but could command a small majority in Parliament because of the then-used First Past the Post electoral system.
Dissent within the National Party continued to grow, however. Rebel National MPs Marilyn Waring and Mike Minogue caused particular concern to the leadership, threatening National's thin majority in parliament. When, in 1984, Marilyn Waring refused to support Muldoon's policies on visits by nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed ships, Muldoon called a snap election. Muldoon made the television announcement of this election while visibly inebriated, and some believeVorlage:Fact that he later regretted the decision to "go to the country". National resoundingly lost the election to Labour under David Lange.
[Bearbeiten] Fourth National Government
Vorlage:Mainarticle
Shortly after this loss, the Party removed Muldoon from the leadership. Jim McLay, who had replaced Brian Talboys as deputy leader shortly before the election, became the new leader. McLay, however, failed to restore the party's fortunes, partly because a bitter Muldoon undermined McLay's position. In 1986 Jim Bolger took over the leadership.
In the 1990 elections National defeated Labour in an electoral landslide and formed a new government under Jim Bolger. However, the Party lost support when it continued the economic reforms which had damaged the previous Labour government — these policies, started by Labour Party Finance Minister Roger Douglas and popularly known as Rogernomics, centred on the privatization of state assets and on the removal of tariffs and subsidies. These policies alienated traditional Labour supporters, who saw them as a betrayal of the party's left-wing character, but did not entirely appease the right-wing National party either. Many more conservative National supporters preferred Muldoon's more authoritarian and interventionist policies over the free-market liberalism promoted by Douglas. However, the new National Party Finance Minister, Ruth Richardson, strongly supported Rogernomics, actually believing that Douglas had not gone far enough. (See Ruthanasia.) Her policies encouraged two National MPs to leave the National Party and form the New Zealand Liberal Party (1992). Richardson's views also met with considerable opposition within the National Party Parliamentary Caucus and caused damage to the party's membership base.
Nevertheless, National retained office (albeit barely) in 1993, due partly to a strongly recovering economy. At the same time as the 1993 election, however, a referendum took place which established the MMP electoral system for future use in New Zealand general elections. This would have a significant impact on New Zealand politics. Some National Party MPs defected to a new grouping, United New Zealand in mid-1995. And as a result of the new electoral mechanics, the New Zealand First Party, led by former National MP and former Cabinet minister Winston Peters, held the balance of power after the 1996 elections. After a prolonged period of negotiation, in which New Zealand First played National and Labour off against each other (both parties negotiated complete coalition agreements), New Zealand First entered into a coalition with National.
Under the coalition agreement, Peters became Deputy Prime Minister and had the post of Treasurer especially invented for him. New Zealand First extracted a number of other concessions from National in exchange for its support. The influence of New Zealand First angered many National MPs, particularly Jenny Shipley. When, in 1997, Shipley toppled Bolger to become National's new leader, relations between National and its coalition partner deteriorated. After Shipley sacked Peters from Cabinet in 1998, the New Zealand First party split into two groups - half the MPs followed Peters out of the coalition, but the remainder broke away, establishing themselves as independents or as members of new parties. From the latter group National gained enough support to continue in government. The visibly damaged National Government managed to survive the parliamentary term, but lost the election to Labour's Helen Clark and the Alliance's Jim Anderton, who formed a coalition government.
[Bearbeiten] The contemporary Party
Shipley continued to lead the National Party until 2001, when Bill English replaced her. English, however, proved unable to gain traction against Clark, and National suffered its worst-ever electoral defeat in the 2002 elections, gaining only 27 of 120 seats. Many hoped that English would succeed in rebuilding the party, given time, but a year later polling showed the party performing only slightly better than in the election. In October 2003 English gave way as leader to Don Brash, a former governor of the Reserve Bank who had joined the National Parliamentary caucus in the 2002 election.
Under Dr Brash, the National Party's overall popularity with voters improved markedly. Mostly, however, the party achieved this by "reclaiming" support from electors who voted for other centre-right parties in 2002. National's campaigning on race relations, amid claims of preferential treatment of Māori, and amid their opposition to Labour Party policy during the foreshore-and-seabed controversy, generated considerable publicity and much controversy. Strong campaigning on a tax-cuts theme in the lead-up to the 2005 elections, together with a consolidation of centre-right support, may have contributed to the National Party's winning 48 out of 121 seats in Parliament. National, however, remained the second-largest party in Parliament (marginally behind Labour, which gained 50 seats), and had fewer options for forming a coalition government. With the formation of a new Labour-dominated Government, National remained the major Opposition party.
After the 2005 election defeat Don Brash's leadership of National came under scrutiny from the media, and political watchers speculated on the prospect of a leadership-challenge before the next general election due in 2008. Don Brash resigned on November 23 2006, immediately before the release of Nicky Hager's book The Hollow Men, which contained damaging revelations obtained from private emails. John Key became the leader of the National caucus on 27 November 2006. Key has fostered a more "centrist" image, discussing issues such as child poverty.
[Bearbeiten] Parliamentary leaders
| Leader | Term | Leader of the Opposition | Prime Minister |
|---|---|---|---|
| George Forbes | 1936 | 1936 | 1930 - 1935 |
| Adam Hamilton | 1936 – 1940 | 1936 - 1940 | |
| Sidney Holland | 1940 - 1957 | 1940 - 1949 | 1949 - 1957 |
| Keith Holyoake | 1957 - 1972 | 1957 - 1960 | 1957 1960 - 1972 |
| Jack Marshall | 1972 - 1974 | 1972 - 1974 | 1972 |
| Robert Muldoon | 1974 - 1984 | 1974 - 1975 1984 |
1975 - 1984 |
| Jim McLay | 1984 - 1986 | 1984 - 1986 | |
| Jim Bolger | 1986 - 1997 | 1986 - 1990 | 1990 - 1997 |
| Jenny Shipley | 1997 - 2001 | 1999 - 2001 | 1997 - 1999 |
| Bill English | 2001 - 2003 | 2001 - 2003 | |
| Don Brash | 2003 - 2006 | 2003 - 2006 | |
| John Key | 2006 - present | 2006 - present |
Forbes served as Prime Minister from 1930 to 1935, prior to the formation of New Zealand National Party.
[Bearbeiten] Party Presidents
| Name | Term |
|---|---|
| Sir George Wilson | 1936 |
| Colonel Claude H. Weston | 1936 – 1940 |
| Alex Gordon | 1940 - 1944 |
| Sir Wilfred Sim | 1944 - 1951 |
| Sir Alex McKenzie | 1951 - 1962 |
| John S. Meadowcroft | 1962 - 1966 |
| Edward Durning (Ned) Holt | 1966 - 1973 |
| Sir George Chapman | 1973 - 1982 |
| Sue Wood | 1982 - 1986 |
| Neville Young | 1986 - 1989 |
| John Collinge | 1989 - 1994 |
| Lindsay Tisch | 1994 |
| Geoff Thompson | 1994 - 1998 |
| John Slater | 1998 - 2001 |
| Michelle Boag | 2001 - 2002 |
| Judy Kirk | 2002 - present |
Short biographies of all Presidents up to Sue Wood appear in Barry Gustafson's The First Fifty Years.
[Bearbeiten] See also
- Political parties in New Zealand
- Governments of New Zealand
- National Party's Caucus and National MPs' responsibilities
[Bearbeiten] References
- The First 50 Years: A History of the New Zealand National Party by Barry Gustafson (1986, Reed Methuen, Auckland) ISBN 0474001776 (includes short biographies of all National MPs from 1936 to 1986, and of a selection of organisational figures)
Vorlage:Refimprove
[Bearbeiten] External links
Vorlage:New Zealand political parties [[:Category:New Zealand National Party| ]] [[:Category:Political parties in New Zealand|National]] [[:Category:Conservative parties]] [[.Category:International Democrat Union]] Vorlage:Infobox New Zealand Political Party
Die New Zealand National Party (umgangssprachlich "National" oder "the Nats") ist eine der großen politischen Parteien in Neuseeland. Im 48.Parlament von Neuseeland ist sie mit der zweitgrößten Anzahl an Parlamentssitzen vertreten. Sie ist damit die wichtigste Oppositionspartei. "National" ist die mitgliederstärkste rechtskonservative Partei in Neuseeland.
[Bearbeiten] Politik
Die National Party verfolgt eine Politik der Steuerreduzierung, des Abbaues sozialer Leistungen und befürwortet den Freihandel. Sie möchte Neuseelands Rolle in Neuselands traditionellen Militär- und Sicherheitsbündnissen erhalten oder wiederherstellen und sieht sich als Befürworter gleicher Bürgerrechte für alle Neuseeländer ("One law for all"). Die Parteiziele setzen sich für eine Verdoppelung des Wirtschaftswachstums in Neuseeland ein. Sozialleistungen sollen nur den "wieklich Bedürftigen" zugute kommen. Die Ansprüche aus dem historischen Vertrag von Waitangi sollen "schnell, vollständig und endgültig" geklärt werden.
[Bearbeiten] Organisation
Die Partei hat Organisationsstrukturen sowohl auf regionaler Ebene als auch auf der Ebene der Wahlbezirke. Im Ergebnis der Wahlen 2002 entschloss man sich, die regionalen Strukzuren zu schwächen und die Partei stärker zu zentralisieren. Der Parteipräsident (Judy Kirk) führt ausserheads the administration outside of National's current sitting MPs.
Historically, the Party's youth wing, the Young Nationals, commonly known as the "Young Nats", has provided much political impetus as a ginger group: it gained a reputation as "the" social organisation in rural New Zealand and in some urban circles. Vorlage:Fact
A group called the Bluegreens exists within National and advises on environmental policy.
[Bearbeiten] History
[Bearbeiten] Formation
The National Party officially formed in May 1936, but its roots go considerably further back. The party came about as the result of a merger between the United Party (known as the Liberal Party until 1927, except for a short period between 1925 and 1927 when it used the name "National Party") and the Reform Party. The United Party gained its main support from the cities, and drew upon businesses for money and upon middle class electors for votes, while the Reform Party had a rural base and received substantial support from farmers, who then formed a substantial proportion of the population.
Historically, the Liberal and Reform parties had competed against each other, but from 1931 until 1935 a coalition between the United and Reform parties held power in New Zealand. The coalition went into the 1935 election under the title of the "National Political Federation", a name adopted to indicate that the grouping intended to represent New Zealanders from all backgrounds (in contrast to the previous situation, where United served city-dwellers and Reform served farmers). However, because of the effects of the Great Depression and a perception that the existing coalition government had handled the situation poorly, the National Political Federation lost heavily in 1935 to the Labour Party, the rise of which had originally prompted the alliance.
A new party, called the New Zealand National Party, formed at a meeting held in Wellington on May 13 and 14, 1936. Erstwhile members of the United and Reform parties made up the bulk of the new party. George Forbes, Prime Minister from 1930 until 1935 and United Party Leader, opened the conference; he served as Leader of the Opposition and leader of the New Zealand National Party (largely as a stop-gap measure pending the election of a new leader) from May until November, when the party elected Reform MP Adam Hamilton as its leader. Hamilton led the Party into its first election in 1938. He got the top job primarily due to a compromise between George Forbes (former leader of United) and Gordon Coates (former leader of Reform), neither of whom wished to serve under the other. Hamilton, however, failed to counter Labour's popular Prime Minister, Michael Joseph Savage effectively. This, along with perceptions that he remained too much under the control of Coates and that he lacked real support from his party colleagues, saw Hamilton fail to prevent Labour's re-election in 1938.
In 1940 Sidney Holland replaced Hamilton. William Polson "acted effectively as Holland's deputy" (Gustafson).
The 1943 election saw Labour's majority reduced, but it remained in power. In the 1946 elections, National also failed to unseat Labour. However, in the 1949 elections, thirteen years after the party's foundation, National finally won power, and Holland became Prime Minister.
[Bearbeiten] The First National Government
Vorlage:Mainarticle
In 1949 National had campaigned on "the private ownership of production, distribution and exchange". Once in power the new Holland Government proved decidedly administratively conservative, retaining, for instance, the welfare state set up by the previous Labour Government; though National gained, and has largely kept, a reputation for showing more favour to farmers and to business than did the Labour Party.
In 1951 the Waterfront Dispute broke out, lasting 151 days. The National government stepped into the conflict, acting in opposition to the maritime unions. Holland also used this opportunity to call the 1951 snap election. Campaigning on an anti-Communist platform and exploiting the Labour Opposition's apparent indecisiveness, National returned with an increased majority, gaining 54 parliamentary seats out of 80.
In the 1954 elections, National again won, though losing some of its seats, and Holland became Prime Minister for a third term. Towards the end of his third term, however, Holland became increasingly ill, and stepped down from the leadership shortly before the general election in 1957. Keith Holyoake, the party's long-standing deputy leader, took Holland's place. Holyoake, however, had insufficient time to establish himself in then public mind as Prime Minister, and lost in the election later that year to Labour, then led by Walter Nash.
[Bearbeiten] Second National Government
Vorlage:Mainarticle Nash's government became very unpopular. Labour quickly acquired a reputation for poor economic management,Vorlage:Fact and much of the public saw its 1958 Budget, known since as the "Black Budget", as miserly and puritanical. After only one term in office, Labour suffered defeat at the hands of Holyoake and the National Party in the elections of 1960.
Holyoake's government lasted twelve years, the Party gaining re-election three times (in 1963, 1966, and 1969). However, this period also saw the rise of Social Credit, which broke the National/Labour duopoly in parliament, winning former National seats from 1966. Holyoake retired from the Prime Ministership and from the Party leadership at the beginning of 1972, and his deputy, Jack Marshall, replaced him.
Marshall suffered the same fate as Holyoake. Having succeeded an experienced leader in an election-year, he failed to establish himself in time. Marshall had an added disadvantage; he had to compete against the much more popular and charismatic Norman Kirk, then leader of the Labour Party, and lost the ensuing election.
[Bearbeiten] Third National Government
Vorlage:Mainarticle
Within two years the Party removed Marshall as its parliamentary leader and replaced him with Robert Muldoon, who had previously served as Minister of Finance. An intense contest between Kirk and Muldoon followed. In a stroke of luck for Muldoon, Kirk became ill and died in office (1974); his successor, Bill Rowling, proved no match for Muldoon, and in the 1975 elections, National under Muldoon returned comfortably to power.
The Muldoon administration, which favoured interventionist economic policies, arouses mixed opinions amongst the majority free-market adherents of the modern National. Bill Birch's "Think Big" initiatives, designed to invest public money in major projects, stand in contrast to the Party's contemporary views. Muldoon's interventionist economics, increasingly unpopular with both the public and the Party, caused an attempted leadership change in 1980. Led by ministers Derek Quigley, Jim McLay, and Jim Bolger, the challenge (dubbed the "colonels' coup") against Muldoon aimed to replace him with Brian Talboys, his deputy. However, the plan collapsed as the result of Talboys' unwillingness, and Muldoon kept his position.
Under Muldoon, National won elections in 1978 and 1981. However, public dissatisfaction with Government policies grew, and Muldoon's controlling and belligerent style of leadership became less and less appealing. In the 1981 election, National gained fewer votes than the Labour opposition, but could command a small majority in Parliament because of the then-used First Past the Post electoral system.
Dissent within the National Party continued to grow, however. Rebel National MPs Marilyn Waring and Mike Minogue caused particular concern to the leadership, threatening National's thin majority in parliament. When, in 1984, Marilyn Waring refused to support Muldoon's policies on visits by nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed ships, Muldoon called a snap election. Muldoon made the television announcement of this election while visibly inebriated, and some believeVorlage:Fact that he later regretted the decision to "go to the country". National resoundingly lost the election to Labour under David Lange.
[Bearbeiten] Fourth National Government
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Shortly after this loss, the Party removed Muldoon from the leadership. Jim McLay, who had replaced Brian Talboys as deputy leader shortly before the election, became the new leader. McLay, however, failed to restore the party's fortunes, partly because a bitter Muldoon undermined McLay's position. In 1986 Jim Bolger took over the leadership.
In the 1990 elections National defeated Labour in an electoral landslide and formed a new government under Jim Bolger. However, the Party lost support when it continued the economic reforms which had damaged the previous Labour government — these policies, started by Labour Party Finance Minister Roger Douglas and popularly known as Rogernomics, centred on the privatization of state assets and on the removal of tariffs and subsidies. These policies alienated traditional Labour supporters, who saw them as a betrayal of the party's left-wing character, but did not entirely appease the right-wing National party either. Many more conservative National supporters preferred Muldoon's more authoritarian and interventionist policies over the free-market liberalism promoted by Douglas. However, the new National Party Finance Minister, Ruth Richardson, strongly supported Rogernomics, actually believing that Douglas had not gone far enough. (See Ruthanasia.) Her policies encouraged two National MPs to leave the National Party and form the New Zealand Liberal Party (1992). Richardson's views also met with considerable opposition within the National Party Parliamentary Caucus and caused damage to the party's membership base.
Nevertheless, National retained office (albeit barely) in 1993, due partly to a strongly recovering economy. At the same time as the 1993 election, however, a referendum took place which established the MMP electoral system for future use in New Zealand general elections. This would have a significant impact on New Zealand politics. Some National Party MPs defected to a new grouping, United New Zealand in mid-1995. And as a result of the new electoral mechanics, the New Zealand First Party, led by former National MP and former Cabinet minister Winston Peters, held the balance of power after the 1996 elections. After a prolonged period of negotiation, in which New Zealand First played National and Labour off against each other (both parties negotiated complete coalition agreements), New Zealand First entered into a coalition with National.
Under the coalition agreement, Peters became Deputy Prime Minister and had the post of Treasurer especially invented for him. New Zealand First extracted a number of other concessions from National in exchange for its support. The influence of New Zealand First angered many National MPs, particularly Jenny Shipley. When, in 1997, Shipley toppled Bolger to become National's new leader, relations between National and its coalition partner deteriorated. After Shipley sacked Peters from Cabinet in 1998, the New Zealand First party split into two groups - half the MPs followed Peters out of the coalition, but the remainder broke away, establishing themselves as independents or as members of new parties. From the latter group National gained enough support to continue in government. The visibly damaged National Government managed to survive the parliamentary term, but lost the election to Labour's Helen Clark and the Alliance's Jim Anderton, who formed a coalition government.
[Bearbeiten] The contemporary Party
Shipley continued to lead the National Party until 2001, when Bill English replaced her. English, however, proved unable to gain traction against Clark, and National suffered its worst-ever electoral defeat in the 2002 elections, gaining only 27 of 120 seats. Many hoped that English would succeed in rebuilding the party, given time, but a year later polling showed the party performing only slightly better than in the election. In October 2003 English gave way as leader to Don Brash, a former governor of the Reserve Bank who had joined the National Parliamentary caucus in the 2002 election.
Under Dr Brash, the National Party's overall popularity with voters improved markedly. Mostly, however, the party achieved this by "reclaiming" support from electors who voted for other centre-right parties in 2002. National's campaigning on race relations, amid claims of preferential treatment of Māori, and amid their opposition to Labour Party policy during the foreshore-and-seabed controversy, generated considerable publicity and much controversy. Strong campaigning on a tax-cuts theme in the lead-up to the 2005 elections, together with a consolidation of centre-right support, may have contributed to the National Party's winning 48 out of 121 seats in Parliament. National, however, remained the second-largest party in Parliament (marginally behind Labour, which gained 50 seats), and had fewer options for forming a coalition government. With the formation of a new Labour-dominated Government, National remained the major Opposition party.
After the 2005 election defeat Don Brash's leadership of National came under scrutiny from the media, and political watchers speculated on the prospect of a leadership-challenge before the next general election due in 2008. Don Brash resigned on November 23 2006, immediately before the release of Nicky Hager's book The Hollow Men, which contained damaging revelations obtained from private emails. John Key became the leader of the National caucus on 27 November 2006. Key has fostered a more "centrist" image, discussing issues such as child poverty.
[Bearbeiten] Parliamentary leaders
| Leader | Term | Leader of the Opposition | Prime Minister |
|---|---|---|---|
| George Forbes | 1936 | 1936 | 1930 - 1935 |
| Adam Hamilton | 1936 – 1940 | 1936 - 1940 | |
| Sidney Holland | 1940 - 1957 | 1940 - 1949 | 1949 - 1957 |
| Keith Holyoake | 1957 - 1972 | 1957 - 1960 | 1957 1960 - 1972 |
| Jack Marshall | 1972 - 1974 | 1972 - 1974 | 1972 |
| Robert Muldoon | 1974 - 1984 | 1974 - 1975 1984 |
1975 - 1984 |
| Jim McLay | 1984 - 1986 | 1984 - 1986 | |
| Jim Bolger | 1986 - 1997 | 1986 - 1990 | 1990 - 1997 |
| Jenny Shipley | 1997 - 2001 | 1999 - 2001 | 1997 - 1999 |
| Bill English | 2001 - 2003 | 2001 - 2003 | |
| Don Brash | 2003 - 2006 | 2003 - 2006 | |
| John Key | 2006 - present | 2006 - present |
Forbes served as Prime Minister from 1930 to 1935, prior to the formation of New Zealand National Party.
[Bearbeiten] Party Presidents
| Name | Term |
|---|---|
| Sir George Wilson | 1936 |
| Colonel Claude H. Weston | 1936 – 1940 |
| Alex Gordon | 1940 - 1944 |
| Sir Wilfred Sim | 1944 - 1951 |
| Sir Alex McKenzie | 1951 - 1962 |
| John S. Meadowcroft | 1962 - 1966 |
| Edward Durning (Ned) Holt | 1966 - 1973 |
| Sir George Chapman | 1973 - 1982 |
| Sue Wood | 1982 - 1986 |
| Neville Young | 1986 - 1989 |
| John Collinge | 1989 - 1994 |
| Lindsay Tisch | 1994 |
| Geoff Thompson | 1994 - 1998 |
| John Slater | 1998 - 2001 |
| Michelle Boag | 2001 - 2002 |
| Judy Kirk | 2002 - present |
Short biographies of all Presidents up to Sue Wood appear in Barry Gustafson's The First Fifty Years.
[Bearbeiten] See also
- Political parties in New Zealand
- Governments of New Zealand
- National Party's Caucus and National MPs' responsibilities
[Bearbeiten] References
- The First 50 Years: A History of the New Zealand National Party by Barry Gustafson (1986, Reed Methuen, Auckland) ISBN 0474001776 (includes short biographies of all National MPs from 1936 to 1986, and of a selection of organisational figures)
Vorlage:Refimprove
[Bearbeiten] External links
Vorlage:New Zealand political parties [[:Category:New Zealand National Party| ]] [[:Category:Political parties in New Zealand|National]] [[:Category:Conservative parties]] [[.Category:International Democrat Union]]
