हॉकी विश्वचषक
विकिपीडिया, मुक्‍त ज्ञानकोशातून
| हॉकी विश्वचषक | |
|---|---|
| चित्र:Hockey world cup.jpeg | |
| खेळ | हॉकी |
| आरंभ | १९७१ |
| संघ | १२ |
| खंड | आंतरराष्ट्रीय |
| सद्य विजेता | जर्मनी |
हॉकी विश्वचषक (हॉकी विश्वविजेता स्पर्धा) ही आंतरराष्ट्रीय हॉकी संघटनेने आयोजित केलेली हॉकी स्पर्धा आहे.
इ.स. १९७१मध्ये सुरू झालेली ही स्पर्धा दर चार वर्षांनी ओयोजित करण्यात येते. ही स्पर्धा ऑलिंपिक खेळ असलेल्या वर्षांत होत नाही.
इ.स. १९७४ ते इ.स. १९८१ पर्यंत आंतरराष्ट्रीय महिला हॉकी संघटननेने स्त्रीयांसाठीचा विश्वचषक आयोजित केला होता. त्यानंतर दोन्ही संघटना एकत्र आल्या.
या स्पर्धेच्या इतिहासात पाकिस्तान, नेदरलँड्स व जर्मनीने आपले वर्चस्व गाजवले आहे. पाकिस्तान चार वेळा, नेदरलँड्स तीन वेळा तर जर्मनी दोन वेळा विजयी संघ ठरला. भारत व ऑस्ट्रेलियानी ही स्पर्धा एकएकदा जिंकली आहे.
इ.स. २००६ची स्पर्धा जर्मनीतील मॉन्चेंग्लाडबाख शहरातील वॉरस्टायनर हॉकी पार्क येथे आयोजित करण्यात आली होती. सप्टेंबर ६ ते सप्टेंबर १७ पर्यंत चाललेली ही स्पर्था यजमान जर्मनीने अंतिम फेरीत ऑस्ट्रेलियाला हरवून जिंकली. इ.स. २०१०ची स्पर्धा भारतात होईल.[१]
अनुक्रमणिका |
[संपादन] इतिहास
The Hockey World Cup was first conceived by Pakistan's Air Marshal Nur Khan and India's Jimmy Nagarwalla. They proposed their idea to the FIH under the name of Patrick Rowley, the first editor of World Hockey magazine. Their idea was approved on October 26, 1969, and adopted by the FIH Council at a meeting in Brussels on April 12, 1970. The FIH decided that the inaugural World Cup would be held in October 1971, in Pakistan.
However, political issues would prevent that first competition from being played in Pakistan. Pakistan and India had been at war with each other only six years earlier. When Pakistan invited India to compete in the tournament, a crisis arose. Pakistanis, led by cricketer Abdul Hafeez Kardar, protested against India's participation in the Hockey World Cup.
In 1971, there was also a civil war between West Pakistan and East Pakistan,this led to political instability throughout the country.
Given the intense political climate between Pakistan and India, the FIH decided to move the tournament elsewhere. In March 1971, the FIH decided to move the first Hockey World Cup to the Real Club de Polo grounds in Barcelona, Spain, which was considered a neutral and peaceful European site. [२]
The FIH has set no requirements or limitations on the size of the competition. The 1971 Cup included only ten nations, the smallest World Cup to date. The 1978 Cup featured fourteen nations. The 2002 Cup featured sixteen nations, the largest World Cup to date.
The first three tournaments were held every two years. The 1978 Cup was the only tournament held three years from the previous tournament. Since 1982, the tournament has been held every four years, halfway between the Summer Olympics field hockey competition.
[संपादन] Trophy
The Hockey World Cup trophy was designed by the Bashir Moojid and created by the Pakistani Army. On March 27, 1971, in Brussels, the trophy was formally handed to FIH President Rene Frank by Mr H.E Masood, the Pakistani Ambassador to Belgium. The trophy consists of a silver cup with an intricate floral design, surmounted by a globe of the world in silver and gold, placed on a high blade base inlaid with ivory. At its peak is a model hockey stick and ball. Without its base, the trophy stands 120.85 mm high. Including the base, the trophy stands 650 mm. It weighs 11,560 g, including 895 g of gold, 6815 g of silver, 350 g of ivory and 3500 g of teak wood. [३]
[संपादन] Format
The Hockey World Cup consists of a qualification stage and a final tournament stage. The format for each stage is the same.
[संपादन] Qualification
The qualification stage has been a part of the Hockey World Cup since 1977. All participating teams play in the qualification round. The teams divide into two or more pools and compete for a berth in the final tournament. The top two teams are automatically qualified and the rest of the berths are decided in playoffs.
[संपादन] Final tournament
The final tournament features the continental champions and other qualified teams. Sometimes it also features the winners of the Summer Olympics' hockey competition or the continental runners-up. The teams divide into pools once more and play a round robin tournament. The composition of the pools is determined using the current world rankings. The top two teams in each pool play in the semifinals for a place in the final. The bottom two teams in the semifinals have a third place playoff. The rest of the teams have playoffs to determine their final positions. If they are third or fourth in their pool, they play for fifth place; if they are fifth or sixth in their pool, they play for ninth place.
[संपादन] Results
[संपादन] Summaries
| वर्ष | यजमान देश | अंतिम सामना | तिसरया स्थाना साठी | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| विजेता | निकाल | उप विजेता | तिसरे स्थान | निकाल | चौथे स्थान | ||||
| १९७१ माहिती |
बार्सेलोना, स्पेन |  पाकिस्तान |
१–० |  स्पेन |
 भारत |
एक्स्ट्रा टाईम |  केन्या |
||
| १९७३ | ऍमस्टल्वीन, नेदरलँड्स |  नेदरलँड्स |
२–२ (४–२) पेनाल्टी |
भारत |
 जर्मनी |
१–० | पाकिस्तान |
||
| १९७५ | कुलालंपूर, मलेशिया | भारत |
२–१ | पाकिस्तान |
जर्मनी |
४–० |  मलेशिया |
||
| १९७८ | बोयनोस एर्स, आर्जेन्टीना | पाकिस्तान |
३–२ | नेदरलँड्स |
 ऑस्ट्रेलिया |
४–३ | जर्मनी |
||
| १९८२ | मुंबई ,भारत | पाकिस्तान |
३–१ | जर्मनी |
ऑस्ट्रेलिया |
४–२ | नेदरलँड्स |
||
| १९८६ | लंडन, इंग्लंड | ऑस्ट्रेलिया |
२–१ |  इंग्लंड |
जर्मनी |
एक्स्ट्रा टाईम |  सोव्हिएट रशिया |
||
| १९९० | लाहोर, पाकिस्तान | नेदरलँड्स |
३–१ | पाकिस्तान |
ऑस्ट्रेलिया |
एक्स्ट्रा टाईम | जर्मनी |
||
| १९९४ | सिडनी, ऑस्ट्रेलिया | पाकिस्तान |
१–१ (४–३) पेनाल्टी |
नेदरलँड्स |
ऑस्ट्रेलिया |
५–२ | जर्मनी |
||
| १९९८ | उत्रेच, नेदरलँड्स | नेदरलँड्स |
एक्स्ट्रा टाईम | स्पेन |
ऑस्ट्रेलिया |
१–० | जर्मनी |
||
| २००२ माहिती |
कुलालंपूर, मलेशिया | जर्मनी |
२–१ | ऑस्ट्रेलिया |
नेदरलँड्स |
एक्स्ट्रा टाईम |  दक्षिण कोरिया |
||
| २००६ माहिती |
मॉन्चेंग्लाडबाख, जर्मनी | जर्मनी |
४–३ | ऑस्ट्रेलिया |
स्पेन |
एक्स्ट्रा टाईम | दक्षिण कोरिया |
||
| २०१० माहिती |
भारत | ||||||||
[संपादन] Successful national teams
Twenty-four teams have qualified for a Hockey World Cup. Of these, eleven teams have made it to the semifinals. Seven teams have made it through to the finals. To date, Pakistan has been the most successful team in the World Cup, with four titles and six appearances in the final. The Netherlands have also been successful, with three titles and five appearances in the final.
Germany has been the most successful team in the World Cup in recent years. They won the tournament in २००२ and २००६. In addition, Germany has reached the semifinals in every World Cup except for the inaugural tournament in १९७१.
Below is a list of teams that have finished in the top four positions in the tournament:
| Team | Titles | Runners-up | Third-place | Fourth-place |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| पाकिस्तान |
४ (१९७१, १९७८, १९८२, १९९४) | २ (१९७५, १९९०*) | १ (१९७३) | |
| नेदरलँड्स |
३ (१९७३*, १९९०, १९९८*) | २ (१९७८, १९९४) | १ (२००२) | १ (१९८२) |
| जर्मनी |
२ (२००२, २००६*) | १ (१९८२) | ४ (१९७३, १९७५, १९८६, १९९८) | ३ (१९७८, १९९०, १९९४) |
| ऑस्ट्रेलिया |
१ (१९८६) | २ (२००२, २००६) | ४ (१९७८, १९८२, १९९०, १९९४*) | १ (१९९८) |
| भारत |
१ (१९७५) | १ (१९७३) | १ (१९७१) | |
| स्पेन |
२ (१९७१*, १९९८) | १ (२००६) | ||
| इंग्लंड |
१ (१९८६*) | |||
| दक्षिण कोरिया |
२ (२००२, २००६) | |||
| केन्या |
१ (१९७१) | |||
| मलेशिया |
१ (१९७५*) | |||
| सोव्हिएट रशिया# |
१ (१९८६) |
- * = host
- # = no longer in existence
[संपादन] Performance by host nations
Nine nations have hosted the Hockey World Cup. Only the Netherlands (1973 and 1998) and Germany (2006) have won the tournament as hosts. Spain, England, and Pakistan emerged as host runners-up in the 1971, 1986 and 1990 tournaments. Australia placed third when it hosted the 1994 tournament in Sydney.
[संपादन] Performance by continental zones
To date, the finals of the Hockey World Cup have been contested by Asian, European and Oceania continental teams. Asian and European teams are tied with five titles each. Australia is the only team from Oceania to win the tournament. The Americas is the only continental zone that has not made an appearance in a Hockey World Cup semifinal.
| Continent | Best performance |
|---|---|
| एशिया | ५ चषक, पाकिस्तान (४) आणि भारत (१) |
| युरोप | ५ चषक, नेदरलँड्स (३) आणि जर्मनी (२) |
| ओशनिया | १ चषक, ऑस्ट्रेलिया |
| आफ्रिका | चौथे स्थान ( केन्या, १९७१) |
| अमेरिका | सहावे स्थान ( आर्जेन्टीना, १९८६) |
[संपादन] Team appearances
(Total appearances including २००६ tournament.)
|
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- # = no longer in existence
[संपादन] See also
- Women's Hockey World Cup
[संपादन] References
- ↑ India To Host 2010 Men's Hockey World Cup. Retrieved on March 28, 2007.
- ↑ World Cup Hockey. Retrieved on August 2, 2006
- ↑ The World Cup - A Masterpiece. Retrieved August 15, 2006
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