星號
维基百科，自由的百科全书
- This article refers to the typographical symbol. For other uses, see Asterisk (disambiguation).
星號 (*) 是一種印刷上的符號 或是 字形. 因為它的外型與一般人心中星星的樣子類似, 所以獲得了這個稱呼. 電腦科學家通常將它讀為 星號.
星號起源於封建時代，the need of the printers of family trees for 符號去表示出生日期。最初的形狀是six-armed, each arm like a teardrop shooting from the center. For this reason, in some computer circles it is called a splat, perhaps due to the "squashed-bug" appearance of the 星號 on many early line printers.
| 標點符號 |
|---|
| 点号 |
| 標號 |
|
In this form the character 出現於打字機。然而，有些打字機有明顯地印刷six arms的困難。Furthermore, due to Arab-Israeli tension, many Arabs would not buy typewriters with a six-armed symbol, which they identified with the Star of David on the Israeli flag. Hence many systems use a distinct symbol referred to as the "Arabic star," and given a distinct character in Unicode, U+066D and the official name "Arabic five-pointed star."
In some fonts, however, the asterisk is five-pointed and the Arabic star is eight-pointed. The two symbols are compared below (the display depends on your browser's font).
| 星號 | 阿拉伯式的星星 |
|---|---|
| * | ٭ |
目录 |
[编辑] 用法
[编辑] 書面文字
- 星號被用在註腳
- 可用兩個星號圍住一個字眼, 代表該字眼有特別的語氣. 例如: "what *would* sound good to you?"
- 有時可用一個或數個星號取代一個單字的部分字母 (尤其是髒話), 緩和可能冒犯他人的語氣. 譬如: f**k
- 製作列表時, 星號代表項目.
[编辑] 語言學
[编辑] 歷史語言學
在歷史語言學，星號用來next to a word indicates that the word is a historically reconstructed and unattested form.
[编辑] Generativist tradition in linguistics
- In generativism, especially syntax, an asterisk next to a word or phrase indicates that the word or phrase is ungrammatical.
[编辑] 電腦科學
[编辑] 電腦介面
- In some computer interfaces, such as the Unix shell and Microsoft's Command prompt, the asterisk is the wildcard character and stands for any string of characters. This is also known as a wildcard symbol. A common use of the wildcard is in searching for files on a computer. For instance, if a user wished to find a document called Document 1, search terms like Doc* and D*ment* would return the file.
- In some graphical interfaces, particularly Microsoft applications, an asterisk is prepended to the current working document name shown in a window's title bar to indicate that unsaved changes exist.
[编辑] 程式語言
- 很多编程语言和计算器使用星号作为乘法符号。在特定语言中它还有一些特定意义，例如:
- 在C语言中，星号被用来获得指针的内容。它是得到变量地址的 & 算子的逆运算。它还被用来声明指针变量。
- 在 Common Lisp 编程语言中，全局变量的名字按惯例陪衬上星号，*LIKE-THIS*。
- In the Fortran programming language, and in some dialects of the Pascal programming language, it is used to signify exponentiation, e.g. 5*3 = 15 while 5**3 is 5*5*5 or 125.
- In the Perl programming language, the asterisk is used to refer to the typeglob of all variables with a given name.
- In the programming languages Ruby and Python, * has two specific uses. Firstly, the unary * operator applied to a list object inside a function call will expand that list into the arguments of the function call. Secondly, a parameter preceded by * in the parameter list for a function will result in any extra parameters being aggregated into a tuple (Python) or array (Ruby).
[编辑] 數學
星號在數學上頻繁使用，當中包括：
- 复数的复共轭(更常用的表示法是
)。 - The free product of two groups.
- 任意二元运算的中缀表示法。
- 卷积，比如 f ∗ g 是 f 与 g 的卷积。
- 环的乘法群，特别是在这个环是域的时候，比如
}- - An arbitrary point in some set, for example in computing Riemann sums or when contracting a simply connected group to the singleton set { ∗ }.
- 向量空间 V 的对偶空间指示为 V*。
- The push forward of a smooth map f between two smooth manifolds is denoted f*.
- The Hodge dual operator on vector spaces
.
The asterisk is also often used to in all branches of mathematics designate a correspondence between two mathematical entities represented by a single letter — one with the asterisk and one without.
[编辑] Mathematical 印刷術
In fine mathematical typography, the Unicode character U+2217 (∗) "math asterisk" is available (HTML entity ∗). This character, also appeared in the position of the regular asterisk in the PostScript symbol character set in the Symbol font included with Windows and Macintosh operating systems and with many printers. It should be used in fine typography for a large asterisk that lines up with the other mathematical operators.
A group of three asterisks arranged in a triangular formation is called an asterism.
[编辑] 人類遺傳學
- In human genetics, * is used to denote that someone is a member of a haplogroup and not any of its subclades (see * (haplogroup)).
[编辑] 電話通訊
- On a Touch-Tone telephone keypad, * (called star, or less commonly, palm) is one of the two special keys, and is found on the left of the zero. (The other is the number sign ("pound" or "hash")).
- Asterisk is also the name of a free software / open-source software implementation of a telephone private branch exchange (PBX).
[编辑] 電子郵件，用戶群組，即時通訊
- 日常中，Plain Text電腦文件 (如於e-mail通訊或新聞組postings)，星號被使用於強調(通常由括弧正文和星號 *like this*)。通常，這是done當其他強調方法，像是粗體字，斜體字，或底線 are not available in the system. 星號還會被使用於這種時尚表現動作(如*jump*或*glomp*)，尤其in text RPGs where unformatted text denotes speech.
- 在聊天室和即時通訊，星號有時被用於correct a typo。Usage varies on whether星號之前或之後修正。例如：
- Alice: What do yuo think
- Alice: *you
- Bob: Wht,
- Bob: What?**
- 像是寫作測驗，星號可能被用於as bullets for list items。
[编辑] 板球
- 在板球比賽中，it signifies a total number of runs scored by a batsman without losing his wicket, e.g. 107* means '107 not out'. When written before a player's name on a scorecard, it indicates the captain.
- It is also used on television when giving a career statistic during a match. 例如47*是代表比賽中第47名球員。
[编辑] 經濟學
- In economics, the use of an asterisk after a letter indicating a variable such as price, output, or employment indicates that the variable is at its optimal level (that which is achieved in a perfect market situation). For inastance, p* is the price level p when output y is at its corresponding optimal level of y*.
[编辑] 教育
- 在GCSE 考試，A* (A星) 是 a special top grade 來自A級的中比較突出的。
[编辑] 電子遊戲
- In many MUDs and MOOs, as well as 'male', 'female' and other more esoteric genders, there is a gender called 'splat', which uses an asterisk to replace the letters that differ in standard English gender pronouns. For example, h* is used rather than him or her. Also, asterisks are used to signify doing an action, for example, '*action*'
[编辑] 棒球
- In recent years, the asterisk has come into use on scorecards to denote a "great defensive play." [1]
- In colloquial usage, an asterisk is used to indicated that a record is somehow tainted by circumstances, which are putatively explained in a footnote supposedly referenced by the asterisk. This usage arose after the 1961 baseball season in which Roger Maris of the New York Yankees broke Babe Ruth's 34-year-old single-season home run record. Because Ruth had amassed 60 home runs in a season with only 154 games, compared to Maris' 61 over 162 games, baseball commissioner Ford Frick announced that Maris' accomplishment would be recorded in the record books with an explanation (often referred to as "an asterisk" in the retelling). In fact, Major League Baseball has no official record book, but the stigma remained with Maris for many years, and the concept of a real or figurative asterisk denoting less-than-official records has become widely used in sports and other competitive endeavors. A 2001 TV movie about Maris' record-breaking season was called 61* (pronounced sixty-one asterisk) in reference to the controversy.
[编辑] 賽馬
- In programmes distributed at race tracks, an asterisk next to a jockey's name indicates that he or she is an apprentice, and in many cases is allowed to ride at a slightly lesser weight than the other jockeys. Such a jockey is sometimes called a “bug boy” because of the asterisk's bug-like appearance.
[编辑] 流行文化
- The Red Hot Chili Peppers use an 8-pronged asterisk as their symbol.
- The name of the Boy Band NSYNC is often stylized as "N*SYNC" or "*NSYNC"
[编辑] 請一併參照
- Arabic star
- Star (glyph)
