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קוואדראטצאל – װיקיפּעדיע

קוואדראטצאל

פֿון װיקיפּעדיע

נישט ענדערן!
דער אַרטיקל איז אין מיטן באַאַרבעטן. און עס קען עס זיין קורץ, אומפארשטענדלעך אד"ג. איר קענט העלפן אים פארברייטערן מיט פארזיכטיקייט.

דער מוסטער קען בלײַבן ביז צװײ װאָכן אָן דײַטיקע ענדערונגען.


אין מאטעמאטיק, איז א קוואדראטצאל א גאנצע צאל וואס מ'קען שרייבן אלס דער קוואדראט פון אן (אנדער) גאנצע צאל, ד.ה. דער פראדוקט פון א גאנצע צאל מיט זיך אליין. למשל , 9 איז א קוואדראטצאל , ווייל מען קען זי שרייבן 3 × 3. אלע קוואדראטצאלן זענען נישט-נעגאטיוו. מ'קען אויך זאגן אזוי—א (נישט-נעגאטיוו) צאל איז א קוואדראטצאל ווען איר קוואדראט ווארצל איז אויך א גאנצע צאל. למשל, √9 = 3, טא איז 9 א קוואדראטצאל.


געוויינלעך שרייבט מען פאר דעם קוואדראט פון דעם נומער n נישט דעם פראדוקט n × n, נאר דעם עקוויוואלענט עקספאנענציאציע n2, ארויסגערעדט "n קוואדראטירט". זענען דא  \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor קוואדראטצאלן ביז n (עד ועד בכלל).

אינהאַלט

[בעאַרבעטן] ביישפילן

די ערשטע 49 קוואדראטצאל זענען:

02 = 0
12 = 1
22 = 4
32 = 9
42 = 16
52 = 25
62 = 36
72 = 49
82 = 64
92 = 81
102 = 100
112 = 121
122 = 144
132 = 169
142 = 196
152 = 225
162 = 256
172 = 289
182 = 324
192 = 361
202 = 400
212 = 441
222 = 484
232 = 529
242 = 576
252 = 625
262 = 676
272 = 729
282 = 784
292 = 841
302 = 900
312 = 961
322 = 1024
332 = 1089
342 = 1156
352 = 1225
362 = 1296
372 = 1369
382 = 1444
392 = 1521
402 = 1600
412 = 1681
422 = 1764
432 = 1849
442 = 1936
452 = 2025
462 = 2116
472 = 2209
482 = 2304
492 = 2401


[בעאַרבעטן] אייגנקייטן

דער נומער m איז א קוואדראטצאל נאר ווען מען קען איינארדענען m פונקטן אין א קוואדראט:

12=1 Image:Square number 1.png
22=4 Image:Square number 4.png
32=9 Image:Square number 9.png
42=16 Image:Square number 16.png
52=25 Image:Square number 25.png

די nטע קוואדראטצאל n2 איז גלייכווערטיג צו דער סומע פון די ערשטע n נומען (n^2 = \sum_{k=1}^n(2k-1)), אזוי ווי מען זעט אין די בילדער אויבן, וואו איין קוואדראט קומט פון דעם פריערדיגן ווען מען לייגט צו א נומיקע צאל פונקטן (באצייכנט מיט '+'). למשל, 52 = 25 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9.

די nקוואדראטצאל קען מען רעכענען פון די צוויי פריערדיגע דורך נעמען צוויי מאל דעם (n − 1)טן קוואדראט, אראפנעמען דעם (n − 2)טן קוואדראט, און צולייגן 2:
(n2 = 2(n − 1)2 − (n − 2)2 + 2). למשל, 2×52 − 42 + 2 = 2×25 − 16 + 2 = 50 − 16 + 2 = 36 = 62.

It is often also useful to note that the square of any number can be represented as the sum 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + ... + n − 1 + n − 1 + n. For instance, the square of 4 or 42 is equal to 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 = 16. This is the result of adding a column and row of thickness 1 to the square graph of three (like a tic tac toe board). You add three to the side and four to the top to get four squared. This can also be useful for finding the square of a big number quickly. For instance, the square of 52 = 502 + 50 + 51 + 51 + 52 = 2500 + 204 = 2704.

A square number is also the sum of two consecutive triangular numbers. The sum of two consecutive square numbers is a centered square number. Every odd square is also a centered octagonal number.

Lagrange's four-square theorem states that any positive integer can be written as the sum of 4 or fewer perfect squares. Three squares are not sufficient for numbers of the form 4k(8m + 7). A positive integer can be represented as a sum of two squares precisely if its prime factorization contains no odd powers of primes of the form 4k + 3. This is generalized by Waring's problem.

A square number can only end with digits 00,1,4,6,9, or 25 in base 10, as follows:

  1. If the last digit of a number is 0, its square ends in 00 and the preceding digits must also form a square.
  2. If the last digit of a number is 1 or 9, its square ends in 1 and the number formed by its preceding digits must be divisible by four.
  3. If the last digit of a number is 2 or 8, its square ends in 4 and the preceding digit must be even.
  4. If the last digit of a number is 3 or 7, its square ends in 9 and the number formed by its preceding digits must be divisible by four.
  5. If the last digit of a number is 4 or 6, its square ends in 6 and the preceding digit must be odd.
  6. If the last digit of a number is 5, its square ends in 25 and the preceding digits must be 0, 2, 06, or 56.

An easy way to find square numbers is to find two numbers which have a mean of it, 212:20 and 22, and then multiply the two numbers together and add the square of the distance from the mean: 22×20 = 440 + 12 = 441. This works because of the identity

(x − y)(x + y) = x2 − y2

known as the difference of two squares. Thus (21–1)(21 + 1) = 212 − 12 = 440, if you work backwards.

A square number cannot be a perfect number.

[בעאַרבעטן] Odd and even square numbers

Squares of even numbers are even, since (2n)2 = 4n2.

Squares of odd numbers are odd, since (2n + 1)2 = 4(n2 + n) + 1.

It follows that square roots of even square numbers are even, and square roots of odd square numbers are odd.

[בעאַרבעטן] Chen's theorem

Chen Jingrun showed in 1975 that there always exists a number P which is either a prime or product of two primes between n2 and (n+1)2. See also Legendre's conjecture.

[בעאַרבעטן] Further reading

  • Conway, J. H. and Guy, R. K. The Book of Numbers. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 30-32, 1996. ISBN 0-387-97993-X

[בעאַרבעטן] External links


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