توکمپوهنه
د Wikipedia لخوا
توکمپوهنه د دوه نومونو توکم او پوهنې يو تړنګنوم دی. په انګرېزي ژبه يې اېتنولوژي (د يوناني نه اېتنوس, په مانا د "توکم، يا خلک") بولي. دا پوهنه د وګړپوهنې يوه څانګه ده او په دې کې د بېلابېلو توکمونو د اصل، د وېش سيمې، د تخنيکي پرمختګ، د ژبې، د دين، د ټولنيز جوړښت او د کلتور د شننو او سره پرتللو جاج اخيستل کېږي.[1] Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures.
Among its goals are the reconstruction of human history, and the formulation of cultural invariants, such as the alleged incest taboo and culture change, and the formulation of generalizations about "human nature", a concept which has been criticized since the 19th century by various philosophers (Hegel, Marx, structuralism, etc.).
In some parts of the world (like the USA and Great Britain) it is also referred to as cultural or social anthropology, however ethnology is not only a single part of cultural anthropology. Ethnology has been considered as a scientific discipline since the late 18th century but can be generally applied to any comparative study of human groups.
The 15th century "discovery of America" had an important role in the new Occidental interest toward the Other, often qualified as "savages", which was either seen as a brutal barbarian or as a "noble savage". Thus, civilization was opposed in a dualist manner to barbary, a classic opposition constitutive of the even more commonly-shared ethnocentrism. The progress of ethnology, for example with Claude Lévi-Strauss's structural anthropology, led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress, or the pseudo-opposition between "societies with histories" and "societies without histories", judged too dependent on a limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth.
Lévi-Strauss often referred to Montaigne's essay on anthropophagy as an early example of "ethnology". Lévi-Strauss aimed, through a structural method, at discovering universal invariants in human society, which he thought was the prohibition of the incest. However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th and 20th century social thinkers, among the more important include: Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Althusser and Deleuze.
نيوليک |
[سمادول] د توکمپوهنې د پوهانو لړليک
- Amadou Hampâté Bâ
- Johann Georg Adam Forster
- Pierre Clastres
- Horatio Hale
- Yanagita Kunio
- Claude Lévi-Strauss
- Marcel Mauss
- David Maybury-Lewis
- Alfred Metraux
- James Mooney
- Augustus Pitt Rivers
- Wilhelm Schmidt
- Ruth Benedict
- Bronislaw Malinowski
- The Brothers Grimm
- Josiah Nott
- Louis Nicolas
- Marshall Sahlins
کينډۍ:Listdev
[سمادول] سرچينې
- Johann Georg Adam Forster Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty’s Sloop, Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years 1772, 3, 4, and 5 (2 vols), London (1777)
- Lévi-Strauss, Claude, The Elementary Structurs of Kinship, (1949), [1], Structural Anthropology' (1958)[2]
- Mauss, Marcel, originally published as Essai sur le don. Forme et raison de l'échange dans les sociétés archaïques in 1925, this classic text on gift economy appears in the English edition as The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies[3].
- Maybury-Lewis, David, Akwe-Shavante society. (1967) [4], The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States (2003)[5].
- Clastres, Pierre, Society Against the State (1974), [6]
- ↑ Newman, Garfield, et al (2001). د تېرمهال ازانګې: تر ۱۶مې پېړۍ پورې د نړۍ ترايخ, Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.
[سمادول] دا هم وګورۍ
- وګړپوهنه
- Cultural Survival
- هڅوب
- توکميزمرکزيت
- توکميزه فلسفه
- Evolutionism
- Functionalism
- Indigenous Peoples
- مارکسيزم
- نوښت
- Post-Modernism
- Postcolonial
- Primitive culture
- Primitivism
- راسيزم
- ټولنه
- جوړښتي وګړپوهنه
[سمادول] د توکمپوهنې په اړه وېبپاڼې
- http://www.ethnologue.com/ describes the languages and ethnic groups found worldwide, grouped by host nation-state.
- http://www.movinganthropology.org - The Moving Anthropology Student Network/Moving Anthropology Social Network connects young anthropologists and anthropology students from European and other countries
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History - Over 160,000 objects from Pacific, North American, African, Asian ethnographic collections with images and detailed description, linked to the original catalogue pages, field notebooks, and photographs are available online.
