Protein
From Wikipedia
Proteinotni organic compound gudda yoo ta'an ofii kessatti immo amino acid qabu, amino acidotni immo akka sansallatta kan walitti qabatanii yoo ta'an, kan isaan walitti qabuus peptide bondii jiddu carboxyl fi amino group (kan dhihoo xaxama amino acid kessa tokkot argamaniin) walitti qabama. Tesso fi tartibii amino acid kan protein kessa argamani kan murta'u genedhan yoo ta'u, kunii immo genetic code kessatti barefamma. Genetic coden kuni amino acid gossa 20 kan murtessu ta'ulle, kuttan xaxama protein tokko kan chemicallan gargari bafamu danda'u gochaa post-translational modification jedhamunii, kunis osoo protein kun cell kessatti hin tajajilamin yokan akka kutta control mechanisms osoo jirru godhamu danda'a. Waan tokko ademsisuf, proteinotni adda adda tokko ta'anii hojjachu ni danda'u, akkasumas proteinotni walitti dhufanii protein complex ummu ni danda'u.
Akkumma macromoleculotta biologicalii birra kan akka polysaccharide fi nucleic acid, proteinotillen kutta barbachisaa lubbu qabatotta fi akkasumas waan cell ademsifammu hundaa kessa ni hirmattu. Proteinotni bayyen enzyme yoo ta'an isaanis reactionotta nafaa kenna kessatti ademsifaman akka dafee xumuramu yokan catalyst ta'un qarqaru. Proteinotni kutta nafa fi dalaga humna kessattis fayyida qabu, fakkena actin fi myosin xuncha (muscle) kessatti, akkasumas proteinotni cytoskeleton kessatti argaman, dalagee ummudhaan fakkii (shape) cellii eguu. Proteinotni birra immo cell signaling, immune response, cell adhesion, fi cell cycle kessatti fayyida qabu. Proteinotni nyatta kenya kessatti barbachisaa dha, kunis waan binensotni amino acid hunda ofiin midhasuu hin dandennef amino acid barbachisaa ta'an nyatta irra argachu danda'u qabu. Dakkamu nyatta kessatti, binensotti protein nyattaman suni akka gara amino acid salpha ta'anitti akka jijjiraman godhu, amino acidoni kuni immo protein synthesistiin tajajilamu.
Maqaan protein jedhamu kuni kan dhufee Afaan Greek "prota" jedhamu irra kan dhufee yoo ta'u hikkan immo "barbachisumma tokkoffa kan qabu" yoo ta'u, akkasumas moleculotni kuni kan enyumani isaani himame fi mogafamee namicha Jons Jakob Berzelius jedhamun yoo ta'u barris 1838tiit. Haa ta'u malee fayyidan proteiniin lubbu qabatotta kennu danda'u kan ballinan bekkame bara 1926t yoo ta'u, kunis yerro James B. Sumneriin enzymiin urease jedhamu akka protein ta'e bekke bodda.[1] Proteiniin yerro duraaf tartibi isaa bekkame insulin yoo ta'u, kunis namicha Frederick Sanger jedhamuni yoo ta'u, kunis akka bara 1958t Nobel Prize fudhatu isaa tasiserra. Proteinotni yerro duraf tartibi isaani gargari-bafame bekkame haemoglobin Max Perutziin fi myoglobin Sir John Cowdery Kendrewiin kan gargari bekkamani dha, kunis bara 1958tiit.[2][3] Proteinotni kuni lamaan tartibaa fakki kara sadii (three-dimensional structure) isaani kan bekkame X-ray diffraction analysis yoo ta'u, tartibii myoglobin fi haemoglobin bara 1962t Nobel Prize in Chemistry fudhachu danda'erra.
