हृदयशास्त्र

नेपाली विकिपीडियाबाट

Cardiology is the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart र blood vessels. The field is commonly divided in the branches of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease र electrophysiology. Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called cardiologists.

The term cardiology is derived from the Greek word καρδιά (transliterated as kardia र meaning heart or inner self).

विषयसूची १ Anatomy & physiology १.१ Basic anatomy (Structure of the heart) १.२ Circulatory system (Blood supply of the body) १.३ Pulmonary circulation (Oxygenation of the blood) १.४ Cardiac pacemaker (Electrical system of the heart) १.५ Basic cardiac physiology २ Disorders of the coronary circulation ३ Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart) ४ Disorders of the pericardium (outer lining of the heart) ५ Disorders of the heart valves ६ Disorders of the electrical system of the heart (Cardiac electrophysiology) ७ Inflammation र infection of the heart ८ Congenital heart disease ९ Diseases of blood vessels (Vascular diseases) १० Procedures done for coronary artery disease ११ Devices used in cardiology १२ Diagnostic tests र procedures १३ Cardiac pharmaceutical agents १४ See also १५ External links

[परिवर्तन्] Anatomy & physiology

[परिवर्तन्] Basic anatomy (Structure of the heart)

• Epicardium
• Pericardium
• Myocardium
• Papillary muscle
• Endocardium
• Coronary circulation (Blood supply of the heart)
• Heart valves

[परिवर्तन्] Circulatory system (Blood supply of the body)

• Cardiac output
• Heart rate
• Vascular resistance
• Blood vessels

[परिवर्तन्] Pulmonary circulation (Oxygenation of the blood)

• Pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary vein

[परिवर्तन्] Cardiac pacemaker (Electrical system of the heart)

• Electrical conduction system of the heart
  • Action potential
    • Ventricular action potential
• Sinoatrial node
• Atrioventricular node
• Bundle of His
• Purkinje fibers

[परिवर्तन्] Basic cardiac physiology

• Systole
• Diastole
• Heart sounds
• Preload
• Afterload
• Kussmaul's sign

[परिवर्तन्] Disorders of the coronary circulation

• Atherosclerosis
• Restenosis
• Coronary heart disease (Ischaemic heart disease, Coronary artery disease)
• Acute coronary syndrome
  • Angina
  • Myocardial infarction (Heart attack)

[परिवर्तन्] Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart)

• Cardiomyopathy
  • Ischemic cardiomyopathy
  • Nonischemic cardiomyopathy
    • Amyloid cardiomyopathy
    • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
      • Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) (Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS))
      • Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
    • Dilated cardiomyopathy
      • Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
    • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)
    • Restrictive cardiomyopathy
• Congestive heart failure
  • Cor pulmonale
• Cardiac arrest
• Primary tumors of the heart
  • Myxoma

[परिवर्तन्] Disorders of the pericardium (outer lining of the heart)

• Pericarditis
• Pericardial tamponade
• Constrictive pericarditis

[परिवर्तन्] Disorders of the heart valves

• Aortic valve disorders
  • Aortic insufficiency
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Aortic valve replacement
  • Aortic valve repair
  • Aortic valvuloplasty
• Mitral valve disorders
  • Mitral valve prolapse
  • Mitral regurgitation
  • Mitral stenosis
  • Mitral valve replacement
  • Mitral valve repair
  • Mitral valvuloplasty
• Pulmonic valve disorders
  • Congenital pulmonic stenosis
• Tricuspid valve disorders

[परिवर्तन्] Disorders of the electrical system of the heart (Cardiac electrophysiology)

• Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Supraventricular tachycardia (Fast rhythms that originate above the ventricles)
    • Atrial fibrillation
    • Atrial flutter
    • Atrial tachycardia
    • Sick sinus syndrome (Tachy-Brady syndrome)
    • AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)
    • AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT)
• Bigeminy
• Premature ventricular contraction
• Ventricular tachycardia
  • Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia
  • Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
    • Torsades de pointes
• Ventricular fibrillation
• Sick sinus syndrome
• Heart block
  • First degree heart block
  • Second degree heart block
  • Trifascicular heart block
  • Third degree heart block
• Specific diseases of the electrical system of the heart
  • Brugada syndrome
  • Long QT syndrome
  • Short QT syndrome
  • Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome)

[परिवर्तन्] Inflammation र infection of the heart

• Endocarditis
  • Rheumatic heart disease
• Myocarditis
• Pericarditis

[परिवर्तन्] Congenital heart disease

• Atrial septal defect
• Ventricular septal defect
• Patent ductus arteriosus
• Bicuspid aortic valve
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Transposition of the great vessels (TGV)

[परिवर्तन्] Diseases of blood vessels (Vascular diseases)

• Vasculitis
• Atherosclerosis
• Aneurysm
• Varicose veins
• Economy class syndrome
• Diseases of the aorta
  • Coarctation of the aorta
  • Aortic dissection
• Diseases of the carotid arteries
  • Carotid artery disease
  • Carotid artery dissection

[परिवर्तन्] Procedures done for coronary artery disease

• Atherectomy
• Angioplasty (PTCA)
  • Stenting
• Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)
• Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP)

[परिवर्तन्] Devices used in cardiology

• Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythm
• Stethoscope
  • Pacemaker
  • Defibrillator
    • Automated external defibrillator
    • Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
• Devices used to maintain blood pressure
  • Artificial heart
  • Heart-lung machine
  • Intra-aortic balloon pump
  • Ventricular assist device

[परिवर्तन्] Diagnostic tests र procedures

• Blood tests
• Echocardiogram
• Cardiac stress test
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
  • Ambulatory Holter monitor
• Electrophysiologic study
  • Programmed electrical stimulation
• Sphygmomanometer (Blood pressure cuff)
• IVUS (IntraVascular UltraSound)
• Cardiac enzymes
• Coronary catheterization

[परिवर्तन्] Cardiac pharmaceutical agents

The followings are medications commonly prescribed in cardiology:

• Antiarrhythmic agents
  • Type I (sodium channel blockers)
    • Type Ia
      • Quinidine
    • Type Ib
      • Lidocaine
      • Phenytoin
    • Type Ic
      • Propafenone
  • Type II (beta blockers)
    • Metoprolol
  • Type III (potassium channel blockers)
    • Amiodarone
    • Dofetilide
    • Sotalol
  • Type IV (slow calcium channel blockers)
    • Diltiazem
    • Verapamil
  • Type V
    • Adenosine
    • Digoxin
• ACE inhibitors
  • Captopril
  • Enalapril
  • Perindopril
  • Ramipril
• Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
  • Candesartan
  • Eprosartan
  • Irbesartan
  • Losartan
  • Telmisartan
  • Valsartan
• Beta blocker
• Calcium channel blocker

[परिवर्तन्] See also

• Interventional cardiology

[परिवर्तन्] External links

• U.S. National Institue of Health (NIH)
• European Society of Cardiology
• American College of Cardiology
• American Heart Association
• National Heart Foundation Australia
• On-Line Cardiology Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)
• Coronary heart disease
• Cardiac Pathology Online

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