Reagan assassination attempt

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The Reagan assassination attempt occurred on March 30, 1981, just 69 days into the presidency of Ronald Reagan. While leaving a speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., President Reagan and three others were shot and wounded by John Hinckley, Jr. Reagan suffered a punctured lung, but prompt medical attention allowed him to recover quickly despite his age. No formal invocation of presidential succession took place, although a controversial statement by Secretary of State Alexander Haig that he was "in charge" marked a short period during which Vice President George H. W. Bush was flying back to Washington, D.C. aboard Air Force Two. Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity and has remained confined to a psychiatric facility.

Contents 1 Motivation 2 Ambush outside hotel 2.1 Speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel 2.2 The shooting 2.3 Reagan taken to George Washington University Hospital 3 Haig takes control 4 Reported Hinckley family connections 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 External links

[edit] Motivation

The motivation behind Hinckley's attack was an obsession with actress Jodie Foster. While living in Hollywood in the late 1970s, he saw the film Taxi Driver at least 15 times, apparently identifying strongly with Travis Bickle, the lead character played by Robert De Niro.^[1][2] The arc of the story involves Bickle's protection of a 12-year-old prostitute, played by Foster, with a violent climactic scene in which he kills her pimps and a john (customer). Over the following years, Hinckley trailed Foster around the country, going so far as to enroll in a writing course at Yale University in 1980 when he learned that she was a student there after reading an article in People magazine.^[3] He wrote numerous letters and notes to her in late 1980.^[4] He called her twice and refused to give up when she indicated that she was not interested in him.^[2] Convinced that by becoming a national figure he would be Foster's equal, Hinckley began to stalk then-President Jimmy Carter — his decision to target presidents was also likely inspired by Taxi Driver.^[5] He wrote three or four more notes to her in early March 1981. Foster gave these notes to her dean, who gave them to the Yale police department, which sought to track him down but failed.^[6][7]

[edit] Ambush outside hotel

[edit] Speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel

Hinckley arrived in Washington, D.C. on Sunday, March 29, getting off a Greyhound Lines bus^[8] and checking into the Park Central Hotel.^[3] He had breakfast at McDonald's the next morning, noticed U.S. President Ronald Reagan's schedule on page A4 of the Washington Post, and decided it was time to make his move.^[9] Knowing that he might not live to tell about shooting Reagan, Hinckley wrote (but did not mail) a letter to Foster about two hours prior to the assassination attempt, saying that he hoped to impress her with the magnitude of his action.^[10]

On March 30, 1981, Reagan delivered a luncheon address to AFL-CIO representatives at the Washington Hilton Hotel. He entered the building around 1:45 p.m., waving to a crowd which included news media.

[edit] The shooting

Shortly before 2:30 p.m. EST, as Reagan walked out of the hotel's T Street NW exit toward his waiting car, Hinckley emerged from the crowd of admirers and fired a Röhm RG-14 .22 cal. blue steel revolver six times in three seconds.^[11] The first bullet hit White House Press Secretary James Brady in the head.^[12] The second hit District of Columbia police officer Thomas Delahanty in the back.^[13][12][14] The third overshot the president and hit the window of a building across the street. The fourth hit Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy in the abdomen.^[13][12] The fifth hit the bullet-proof glass of the window on the open side door of the president's limousine. The sixth and final bullet ricocheted off the side of the limousine and hit the president under his left arm, grazing a rib and lodging in his lung, near his heart.^[9] Sixteen minutes after the assassination attempt, the ATF found that the gun was purchased at Rocky's Pawn Shop in Dallas, Texas.^[15] It was loaded with six "Devastator"-brand .22LR cartridges which contained small lead azide explosive charges and were not manufactured in the US; any bullet which contained actual explosives would have been classified as an illegal Explosive Device under US Federal law at the time Hinckley purchased them.

Since the assassination of President Kennedy, which had not been recorded by any professional cameramen, television services were much more insistent about taping as many of a president's public appearances as possible. In this case, the entire incident was captured on video by at least five cameramen, including all of the major broadcast networks. (The new Cable News Network had been broadcasting Reagan's speech live moments earlier, and its crew was still inside the hotel). Upon his arrest, Hinckley famously asked the officers whether that night's Academy Awards ceremony would be postponed due to the shooting, and indeed it was — it aired the next evening.^[5]

[edit] Reagan taken to George Washington University Hospital

Moments after the shooting, Reagan was whisked away by the Secret Service agents in the presidential limousine. At first, there was no realization that the President had been wounded; the bullet which struck him entered under his armpit. However, when Secret Service agent Jerry Parr checked him for gunshot wounds, Reagan coughed up bright, frothy blood, indicating that his lung was punctured. Reagan, already in great pain, believed that one of his ribs had cracked when agent Parr pushed him into the limousine. Parr ordered the motorcade to divert to nearby George Washington University Hospital.^[16]

Upon arriving at the George Washington emergency room, Reagan wiped the blood from his face, exited the limousine and walked (supported by the Secret Service agents) into the emergency room. Although the emergency room staff had been notified that gunshot victims were incoming, no stretcher was ready. Complaining of difficulty breathing, Reagan's knees buckled, and he went down on one knee.^[16]

The trauma team, led by Dr. Joseph Giordano, treated Reagan with intravenous fluids, unmatched blood transfusions, oxygen, tetanus toxoid, and chest tubes.^[16] When Reagan's wife arrived in the emergency room, he said, "Honey, I forgot to duck" (borrowing boxer Jack Dempsey's line to his wife the night he was beaten by Gene Tunney).^[17]

Significant quantities of blood came out of the chest tubes. The chief of thoracic surgery, Dr. Benjamin Aaron, decided to operate because the bleeding persisted. Ultimately, Reagan lost over half of his blood volume.^[16]

In the operating room Reagan remarked, "Please tell me you're all Republicans." Giordano, a liberal Democrat, replied, "We're all Republicans today." The operation lasted under three hours. His post-operative course was complicated by fever, treated with multiple antibiotics.^[16]

Reagan's staff was anxious that the President appear to be recovering quickly. The morning after his operation, despite being disoriented and receiving morphine, he signed a piece of legislation. Reagan left the hospital on the 13th day. He was initially working two hours a day in the White House. He did not lead a Cabinet meeting until day 26, did not venture outside Washington until day 49, and did not hold a press conference until day 79. Reagan's physician thought recovery was not complete until October.^[16]

Reagan had been scheduled to visit Philadelphia on the day of the shooting. While intubated, he scribbled to a nurse, "All in all, I'd rather be in Philadelphia," a reference to the W.C. Fields tagline.^[16][17]

[edit] Haig takes control

Members of the Cabinet, including Secretary of State Alexander Haig, Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, and National Security Advisor Richard Allen met in the White House Situation Room, where they discussed various issues including the availability of a Nuclear Football, the apparent presence of more than the usual number of Soviet submarines off the Atlantic coast, and the presidential line of succession. Upon learning that Reagan was in surgery, Haig declared "the helm is right here. And that means right in this chair for now, constitutionally, until the vice president gets here."^[18]

In fact the Secretary of State is not second in the line of succession but fourth, after the Speaker of the House (at the time, Tip O'Neill) and the President pro tempore of the Senate (at the time, J. Strom Thurmond). Haig was accused, by Weinberger and others, of overstepping his authority.^[19][20] However, there had been no opportunity to brief the Vice President or others in the line of succession about military issues.

At the same time, a press conference was underway in the White House. One reporter asked deputy press secretary Larry Speakes who was running the government, to which Speakes responded "I cannot answer that question at this time." Upon hearing Speakes' remark, Haig rushed to the press room, where he made the following controversial statement:

"Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the president, the vice president and the secretary of state, in that order, and should the president decide he wants to transfer the helm to the vice president, he will do so. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending the return of the vice president and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course."^[18]

The ambiguity of presidential authority in this instance still remains today. As President Reagan had not provided written authority transferring presidential powers to the Vice President, nor a majority of the members of the presidential cabinet declaring the President unable to discharge his duties and as such, transfer the Vice President the power to act as President: The power of the office of the President was very much in question.

However, The National Security Act provides for the Secretary of Defense to act as the "Principal Assistant" to the President in those matters of national security. While the interpretation of this point of law is certainly unclear, it would seem that the Secretary of Defense by de facto circumstances, would be placed in charge of the national welfare, until the 25th amendment of presidential succession may be invoked. Though the National Security Act of 1947 originally did include this clause, it was repealed in 1962.

[edit] Reported Hinckley family connections

John Hinckley Jr. is the son of John Hinckley Sr., chairman of the oil company Vanderbilt Energy Corp., who was one of Vice President George H.W. Bush's larger political and financial supporters in his 1980 presidential primary campaign against Ronald Reagan. Also, John Hinckley Jr.'s older brother, Vanderbilt vice president Scott Hinckley, and the Vice President's son Neil Bush, had a dinner appointment scheduled for the next day.^[21]

The Associated Press published the following short note on March 31, 1981:

The family of the man charged with trying to assassinate President Reagan is acquainted with the family of Vice President George Bush and had made large contributions to his political campaign....Scott Hinckley, brother of John W. Hinckley Jr. who allegedly shot at Reagan, was to have dined tonight in Denver at the home of Neil Bush, one of the Vice President's sons....The Houston Post said it was unable to reach Scott Hinckley, vice president of his father's Denver-based firm, Vanderbilt Energy Corp., for comment. Neil Bush lives in Denver, where he works for Standard Oil Co. of Indiana. In 1978, Neil Bush served as campaign manager for his brother, George W. Bush, the Vice President's eldest son, who made an unsuccessful bid for Congress. Neil lived in Lubbock, Texas, throughout much of 1978, where John Hinckley lived from 1974 through 1980.

[edit] Aftermath

Reagan's plans for the next month or so were cancelled, including a visit to the Mission Control of Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, in April 1981 during STS-1, the first flight of the Space Shuttle. ( He would instead visit during STS-2 that November.) Reagan returned to the Oval Office on April 25, receiving a standing ovation from staff and Cabinet members; referring to their teamwork in his absence, he insisted "I should be applauding you."^[22] His first public appearance was an April 29 speech before the joint houses of Congress to introduce his planned spending cuts, a campaign promise. He received "two thunderous standing ovations", which the New York Times deemed "a salute to his good health" as well as his programs, which the President introduced using a medical recovery theme.^[23]

The two law enforcement officers recovered from their wounds. However, the attack seriously wounded the President's Press Secretary, James Brady, who sustained a very serious head wound and became permanently disabled. Brady remained as Press Secretary for the remainder of Reagan's administration, but this was primarily a titular role. Later, Brady and his wife, Sarah, became leading advocates of gun control and other actions to reduce the amount of gun violence in the United States. They also became active in the lobbying organization Handgun Control, Inc., that would eventually be renamed the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, and they founded the non-profit Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence.^[24] The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act was passed in 1993 as a result of their work.^[25]

Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity on June 21, 1982. The defense psychiatric reports had found him to be insane^[26] while the prosecution reports declared him legally sane.^[27][28] Following his lawyers' advice, he declined to take the stand in his own defense.^[29] Hinckley was confined at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C., where he is still being held as of April 2008.^[3] After his trial, he wrote that the shooting was "the greatest love offering in the history of the world," and did not indicate any regrets.^[30]

The not guilty verdict led to widespread dismay,^[31][32] and, as a result, the U.S. Congress, and a number of states, rewrote the law regarding the insanity defense. ^[33] The old McNaughten test was replaced by the Federal Test that shifts the burden of proof of insanity from the prosecution to the defendant. Three states have abolished the defense altogether.^[33]

Jodie Foster was hounded relentlessly by the media in early 1981 because she was Hinckley's target of obsession. She commented on Hinckley on three occasions: a press conference a few days after the attack, an article she wrote in 1982,^[34] and during an interview with Charlie Rose on 60 Minutes II;^[35] she has otherwise ended several interviews after the event was mentioned.^[36]

[edit] See also

• Curse of Tippecanoe
• List of United States Presidential assassination attempts
• Saving Ronald Reagan - Cable TV program

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] External links

• The Trial of John Hinckley Jr. University of Missouri at Kansas City Law School
• The American Experience - John Hinckley Jr. by Julie Wolf.
• Crime Library - The John Hinckley Case by Denise Noe.
• Reagan's reflections on the assassination attempt
• Unedited footage of assassination attempt on Reagan
• CNN interrupts normal programming to report attempted assassination of President Reagan. (Quicktime)
• 1981 - President Ronald Reagan Shot A report from Wayne Cabot of WCBS Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880's celebration of 40 years of newsradio.

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