Malik Umar Hayat Khan
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Major General Nawab Sir Malik Mohammed Umar Hayat Khan GBE KCIE LVO (1875-1944), was a soldier of the Indian Empire, one of the largest landholders in the Punjab, and an elected member of the Council of State of India. He was also called Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana.
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[edit] Background and early life
The son of Sir Malik Sahib Khan KB CSI[1], Khan belonged to a family which had been prominent among the landed aristocracy of the Punjab since the 15th century[2], and was educated at Aitchison Chiefs College, Lahore.[1]
[edit] Career
[edit] Military service
Khan served in the Somaliland War of 1902-1904, receiving the Jidballi medal and clasp, in the Tibet Expedition of 1903-1904 (for which he was Mentioned in Despatches[3]), in the European theatre of the Great War, 1914-15 (during which he was Mentioned in Despatches[4][5] a further six times), and then in the Third Anglo-Afghan War. He was attached to the 18th King George's Own Lancers and later the 19th King George V's Own Lancers.[1]
He acted as an honorary aide-de-camp to George V,[6] Edward VIII,[7] and George VI.[1][8]
[edit] Public life
In 1907, moving beyond his career as a soldier, the management of his family estates in the Punjab, and his role as an hereditary Provincial Darbari, Khan became an Attaché to HM the Amir of Afghanistan.[1] He served as a member of the Governor-General of India's Imperial Council from 1910 to 1944.[1]
In 1910, in the Imperial legislature, Khan called for Europeans to supervise districts as "...disinterested men to safeguard the interests of all".[9]
In December 1913, he was elected as one of the seventeen officers of the All India Muslim League, at the League's Seventh Session held at Agra.[10]
He was a member of the Council of the Secretary of State for India from 1924 to 1934, as well as becoming an elected member of the Council of State and a member of the Punjab Legislative Council for two terms.[1]
In a deposition for a case in the High Court in 1924, Khan was described as "Colonel Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana KCIE, CEI, MVO, Zamindar of forty-eight thousand bighas at Shapur, Rawalpindi, Honorary Magistrate 1st Class".[11]
From 1929 to 1934, he spent most of his time in London, joining the conservative Carlton Club and becoming President of the British Falconers' Club.[1]
[edit] Herald
At the Delhi Durbar of 1911, Khan was Assistant Delhi Herald of Arms Extraordinary to Brigadier General William Peyton, the Delhi Herald.[1][12]
[edit] The O'Dwyer - v. - Nair libel case
In 1924, Khan appeared as a significant witness in the O’Dwyer - v - Nair libel case, heard in the High Court in London over five weeks from 30 April 1924.[13]
Sir Michael O’Dwyer, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab until 1919, sued Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair in a case concerning matters arising from the Amritsar Massacre and the Punjab Disturbances of 1919, and in particular recruiting abuses in the Punjab between 1917 and 1918. The case turned into one of the longest civil hearings in English legal history up to that time.[13]
Khan, appearing as a witness for O'Dwyer, stated that there had been a recruiting quota, namely one third of all villagers of military age. He described the killing of Tahsildar Sayyad Nadir Hussain in Lakk by villagers who strongly objected to his approach to recruiting, and an attack by one thousand rioters on police seeking to enforce recruitment warrants, resulting in the killing of some of the rioters. Under cross examination, he admitted that there had been a 'white book' and a 'black book', in which village headmen who met recruitment targets and those who did not were listed.[13]
O'Dwyer won his case[13], with the sole dissenting member of the jury being the political philosopher Harold Laski[14], but in 1940 O'Dwyer was assassinated by Udham Singh.[15]
[edit] Private life
Khan married and had one son, Sir Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana KCSI, OBE (1900-1975), who served as Prime Minister of the Punjab from 1942 until 1947.[2]
He performed the Haj pilgrimage in 1935.[1]
Khan gave his recreations in Who's Who as "motoring, polo, pig-sticking, riding, shooting, athletics, hawking, coursing".[1]
[edit] Honours
- Honorary Lieutenant in the Indian Army, 1901[16]
- Jidballi medal and clasp, 1903[1]
- Delhi Durbar (1903) medal, 1903[1]
- Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, 1906 King's Birthday Honours[1][17]
- Honorary Captain in the Indian Army, 1911[18]
- Delhi Durbar (1911) medal, 1911[1]
- Member of the Royal Victorian Order, Fourth class, 1911[1][19]
- Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire, 1916[1][20]
- Honorary Major in the Indian Army, 1917[1][21]
- Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1919 King's Birthday Honours[1][22]
- Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel in the Indian Army, 1920[1]
- Nawab (hereditary), 1929[1]
- Honorary Colonel in the Indian Army, 1930[1][23]
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire, 1934 King's Birthday Honours[1][24]
- Honorary Major General, Indian Army, 1935[1][25]
- Honorary Colonel of 18th King George's Own Lancers[26]
- Honorary Extra Aide-de-camp to George V, 1930[1][6]
- Honorary Extra Aide-de-camp to Edward VIII, 1935[7]
- Honorary Extra Aide-de-camp to George VI, 1936 to 1944[1][8]
- Honorary Magistrate (first class)[1]
- President of the British Falconers' Club[1]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab MALIK MOHAMMED UMAR HAYAT KHAN (TIWANA), Maj.-Gen. Hon. Sir in Who Was Who 1941–1950, (London, A & C Black, 1980 reprint: ISBN 0-7136-2131-1)
- ^ a b Talbot, Ian, Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India, Oxford University Press, 2002
- ^ London Gazette: no. 27710, page 5684, 2 September 1904. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29422, page 75, 31 December 1915. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29823, page 11037, 14 November 1916. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ a b London Gazette: no. 33664, page 7501, 25 November 1930. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ a b London Gazette: no. 34325, page 6074, 22 September 1936. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ a b London Gazette: no. 34370, page 996, 12 February 1937. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ Shukla, J. D., Indianisation of All-India Services and Its Impact on Administration 1834-1947, New Delhi, Allied Publishers, 1982
- ^ Ralhan, O. P., Encyclopaedia of Political Parties: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh (1996), p. 242: "10. The Hon'ble Captain Malik Umar Hayat Khan, CIE, MVO"
- ^ Collett, Nigel A., The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited II online at The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited II at the web site usiofindia.org (accessed 25 January 2008)
- ^ Cox, Noel, A New Zealand Heraldic Authority? in John Campbell-Kease (ed), Tribute to an Armorist: Essays for John Brooke-Little to mark the Golden Jubilee of The Coat of Arms, London, The Heraldry Society, 2000, p. 93 & p. 101: "Two heralds, with ceremonial rather than heraldic responsibilities, were appointed for the Delhi Durbar in 1911... Delhi Herald (Brigadier-General William Eliot Peyton) and Assistant Delhi Herald (Captain the Honourable Malik Mohammed Umar Haiyat Khan)."
- ^ a b c d Collett, Nigel A., The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited online at The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited at the web site usiofindia.org (accessed 25 January 2008)
- ^ Berg, Maxine, A Woman in History (1996), p. 148
- ^ Singh, Sikander Murder of Michael O’Dwyer, Udham Singh alias Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, 2002, pp. 180-181
- ^ London Gazette: no. 27312, page 3202, 10 May 1901. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 27926, page 4462, 26 June 1906. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ London Gazette: no. 28506, page 4603, 20 June 1911. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ London Gazette: no. 28559, pages 9363–9364, 8 December 1911. Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29608, page 5570, 2 June 1916. Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30252, page 8853, 27 May 1930. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31379, page 7051, 30 May 1919. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ London Gazette: no. 33609, page 3327, 27 May 1930. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ London Gazette: no. 34056, page 3568, 1 June 1934. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ London Gazette: no. 34155, page 2823, 30 April 1935. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- ^ London Gazette: no. 34209, page 6545, 18 October 1935. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
