Kollel

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A kollel (Hebrew: כולל; "a gathering/collection [of scholars]") (plural: kollelim) is an institute for advanced studies of the Talmud and of rabbinic literature for Jewish men, essentially a yeshiva which pays married men a regular monthly stipend or annual salary (and/or provides housing and meals) to study Judaism's classic texts in depth.

Contents 1 History 2 American Kollel 3 See also 4 External links 5 Sources

[edit] History

Main article: Halukka
Originally, the word was used to identify the support organizations of the Yishuv haYashan, which were scholars who went up to spend the rest of their life with devotion to G-d. One of the first examples is Colel Chabad for the Russian Hasidim, Kolel Perushim for the non-Hasidic. Kolel Chibas Yerushalayim initially included all the Austrian Hungarian Kingdom, but as result of inner conflicts, the Hungarians separated into Kolel Shomrei HaChomos.

The first "kollel" in diaspora was the Kovno Kollel, the modern sense of the term, the "Kollel Perushim" founded in Kovno in 1877. It was founded by R. Yisrael Salanter, and directed by R. Isaac Blaser. The ten students were required to separate from their families, except for the Sabbath, and devote themselves to studying for the Rabbinate. There was a four year limit on one's membership in the kollel.

The advocate for the modern sense of the kollel was Rabbi Aharon Kotler, the founder of Beth Medrash Govoha, one of America's largest yeshivas located in Lakewood, NJ. The community kollel movement was fostered by Torah Umesorah (The National Society for Hebrew Day Schools) (guided by Rabbi Kotler until his death in 1963)

Currently, the term is applied in America to any stipend given for yeshiva study and is now a general term for the Yeshivah approach to life. Even those engaged in outreach work, teaching, or administration can be said to be in kollel as long as they are financially dependent on the Yeshivah. With the rise of kollel members spending increased time on adult education, the term is increasingly becoming a generic synonym, in popular usage, for Torah classes.

[edit] American Kollel

In the early 1970s kollelim were functioning in Los Angeles, California; Toronto, Ontario, and Detroit, Michigan Other examples of successful community kollelim include kollelim in Dallas, Texas;St. Louis, Missouri; Atlanta, Georgia; Seattle, Washington; and Phoenix, Arizona.

In the past 30 years about 50 Haredi Judaism North American "community kollelim" have been opened by yeshiva-trained scholars as centers for adult education and outreach to the Jewish communities in which they located themselves. The activities of these institutions have caused Jewish communal leaders to look seriously at the need for adult Jewish education and to address this need with more extensive programming, including sincere and successful efforts at reaching out to the unaffiliated Jewish community.

A kollel is primarily an institute for advanced Talmudic and/or Halakhic study, often attached to an established advanced yeshiva in a large Orthodox community that is devoted purely to studies by advanced Talmudic scholars.

In contrast, a "community kollel," connotes the inclusion of a community education outreach program. Topics include everything from basic Hebrew to advanced Talmud. In addition to imparting Torah knowledge, such kollels function to impart technical skills required for self-study.

Across the United States, community kollelim are a combination of classes in Talmud or Talmud study in havruta geared as outreach to the unaffiliated Jewish community.

A minute number of kollelim have been opened by those affiliated with Reform Judaism and Conservative Judaism.In the non-Orthodox Jewish community a kollel is an adult-ed program or center that has courses available on Talmud, Midrash, learning Hebrew, Jewish ethics and related topics; less emphasis is given to Talmud.

Most Kollels have a scholar as a Rosh Kollel who is the head of the Kollel. He decides on the subject matter studied by the Kollel. In many cases he spends a lot of time fund-raising to support the Kollel.

Many Orthodox Jewish yeshiva students study in kollel for a year or two after they get married, whether or not they will pursue a rabbinic career. Modest stipends or the salaries of their wives and the increased wealth of many families have made kollel study commonplace for yeshiva graduates. The largest U.S. kollel is at Rabbi Kotler's Beth Medrash Govoha in Lakewood, New Jersey, with over 1500 kollel scholars attached to the yeshiva which is 4700 strong in total, large kollels also exist in Ner Israel Rabbinical College numbering 180 scholars and in Yeshivas Chaim Berlin of over 100. In the Israeli Haredi Jewish community thousands of men study full-time for many years in hundreds of kollelim.

Kollel has been known at times to cause a great deal of friction with the secular Israeli public at large, and garnering criticism from the Modern Orthodox, non-Orthodox and secular Jewish community. The Haredi community defends this practice with the argument that Judaism must cultivate Torah scholarship in the same way that the secular academic world does, no matter how high the costs may be financially in the short run, in the long run the Jewish people will benefit from the large number of learned laymen, scholars, and rabbis.

Yeshiva students who learn in Kollel often go on to become rabbis, poskim ("decisors" of Jewish law), or teachers of Talmud and Judaism.

[edit] See also

• Yeshiva
• Rosh yeshiva
• Kovno kollel
• Beth midrash
• Mashgiach ruchani
• Kollel Chatzot

[edit] External links

• The Ohel Ya'akov Community Kollel (Vancouver, BC)
• The largest Torah network in the world
• Atlanta Scholars Kollel
• DATA Kollel
• TORCH Kollel Houston, Texas
• Phoenix Community Kollel
• Jewish Study Network, Palo Alto, California
• Jewish Learning in the Diaspora - List of places to learn
• Kollel Chatzot Baitar Ilite
• Seattle Kollel
• Religious Zionist Kollels in the USA
• A liberal Jewish Kollel in Ontario, Canada
• Ohel Ya'akov Community Kollel of Greater Vancouver
• A Reform Jewish Kollel for liberal Jews
• Conservative Judaism's online adult-ed program
• Torah.org Orthodox Jewish internet education - Learn what they learn in the Kollels
• The Conservative Kollel
• The Jerusalem Kollel

[edit] Sources

• The World of the Yeshiva: An Intimate Portrait of Orthodox Jewry William B. Helmreich, KTAV Publishing House; ISBN 0-88125-641-2; Augmented edition (February 2000)
• The way we were before our destruction: Lives of Jewish students from Vilna who perished during the Holocaust Yulian I. Rafes, VIA Press ; YIVO Institute for Jewish Research; ISBN 1-885563-06-X; (July 1, 1998)