Japanese hip hop

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Japanese hip hop is said to have begun when Hiroshi Fujiwara returned to Japan and started playing Hip-Hop records in the early 1980s ^[1].

Contents 1 History of Hip-hop in Japan 2 Political Aspects 3 The influence of African-Americans on Japanese hip hop 4 Influence of America on Japanese Hip Hop 5 Joe Wood Associates Blackface with Coolness 6 Japanese Hip-Hop Dance scene 7 Language 8 Venues and events 9 Ideologies and interpretations 10 Notable Japanese Artists 11 Blackface or Imitation 12 External links 13 See also 14 References 15 Notes

[edit] History of Hip-hop in Japan

Although rather informal and small scale, the early days of Japanese hip-hop provide the history for the emergence of the cultural movement. Early hip-hop was not led by corporate interests, but rather was largely ignored by large record companies and performance venues. In this respect, Japanese hip-hop offers a representation of cultural globalization, as it expanded despite criticism on the part of record companies and major media outlets. The history shows that certain kinds of cultural exchange are not initiated through cultural understanding, but instead from some interaction that can incite a desire to learn, to participate, and to contribute individuality. In Japan, this motivation to represent individuality was breakdancing, which was one of the leading edges of hip-hop at the time. An important spark for Japanese hip-hop occurred in 1983, when breakdancing appeared in Tokyo through film and live performances even though American hip hop records could previously be heard in Tokyo discos. According to Takagi Kan, a first generation Japanese MC, “I couldn’t tell what was with the rap and the DJing…but with the breakdancing and graffiti art, you could understand it visually. Or rather, it wasn’t understanding so much as, ‘Whoa, that’s cool’ [kakoii]. With rap and DJing, I couldn’t imagine what could be cool about it.” Dancing has a visual impact that everyone can understand, when it comes to dance there is not a language barrier. Breakdancing represented the foundation for the spread of Japanese hip-hop and served as a medium for globalization. ^{[2] [3]}

Similar to Germany, Japan was introduced to hip hop in the fall of 1983 in the movie "Wild Style". ^[4] The film is "the classic hip-hop flick, full of great subway shots, breakdancing, freestyle MCing and rare footage of one of the godfathers of hip-hop, Grandmaster Flash, pulling off an awesome scratch-mix set on a pair of ancient turntables." ^[5] The popularity of the film led to many of the artists involved in it to make a trip to Japan to promote the film and they even performed in some of the department stores while they were there. ^[6] Shortly after, Japanese took up breakdancing in Tokyo's Yoyogi Park, where street musicians gather every Sunday to perform. Crazy-A, now the leader of Rock Steady Crew Japan," was one of the pioneers of break dancing in Yoyogi back in the early 1984". ^[7] Crazy-A organizes the annual "B-Boy Park" which happens every August, and draws a large number of fans and dozens of break dancing groups. This was all considered the Old School Era of rap in Tokyo. There was much of what they called Soul Dancing which helped the Japanese culture accept the street dance culture.^[8]

The rise of DJs was really the next step for the Japanese hip hop scene. Before 1985, there weren't very many DJs on the radio, but with the increase in the number that year, it led to the opening of the first all hip hop club in 1986. But despite the fact that DJing caught on rather quickly, it was thought that rapping wasn't going to have the same cache as it would be hard to rap in Japanese. Most Japanese music makes no sense to anyone but the Japanese themsevles. Nobody can understand a word they say! ^[9]

Street musicians began to breakdance in Yoyogi Park, including DJ Krush who has become a world-renowned DJ after arising from the Yoyogi Park scene. In 1986 an all hip hop club opened in Shibuya. While interest in hip-hop in Japan grew some during the 1980s and early 1990s, the rap scene remained fairly small and rather marginalized.^[10] One reason for the rap scene to remain so small and a little bit less popular compared to hip hop is because of the fact that Japanese language does "not contain stress accents and sentences must end with one of a few simple verb endings." ^[11] Ito Seiko, Chikado Haruo, Tinnie Punx and Takagi Kan were rappers that emerged out of Japan at this time, and they proved to be rather successful. ^[12]

The years 1994 and 1995, marked the beginning of hip-hop’s commercial success in Japan. The first hit was Schadaraparr's "Kon’ya wa būgi bakku" (Boogie Back Tonight) by Scha Dara Parr and Ozawa Kenji, followed by East En X Yuri’s “Da. Yo. Ne.” and “Maicca,” which each sold a million copies.^[13] This sudden popularity of J-rap, which was largely characterized as party rap, sparked a debate over ‘realness’ and authenticity between commercial and underground hip-hop artists.^[14]

An example of an underground attack on mainstream J-Rap is Lamp Eye's "Shogen," in which rapper You the Rock disses the more pop oriented group Dassen Trio. Writer Ian Condry argues that the rappers on this track are closely emulating the traditional macho posturing of rap, citing influences such as Public Enemy and Rakim ^[15] The video reflects this image in its roughness and tone ^[16]. Dassen Trio, and other pop rappers, respond to such attacks with the argument that their subject matter is more culturally appropriate and accessible for Japanese fans, and question the standards of "realness" put forth by underground rappers ^[17]

With a lack of ghettos, culture wars, and with apparent racial harmony, Japanese youth consider hip hop the soundtrack to international fashion–baggy jeans, medallions, dread locks etc. Actual Japanese rap lyrics have a tendency to refer to mundane subjects such as food, cell phones, and shopping.^[18]Since 2000, the hip hop scene in Japan has grown and diversified. Hip-hop style and Japanese rap has been enormously commercially successful in Japan. In a 2003 interview with the BBC, Tokyo record-store owner, Hideaki Tamura noted "Japanese hip-hop really exploded in the last two, three years. I never thought there would be a time when Japanese records could outsell American ones but it's happening."^[19] Additionally, a huge number of new scenes have developed. These include “rock rap to hard core gangsta, spoken word/poetry, to conscious, old school, techno rap, antigovernment, pro-marijuana, heavymetal-sampled rap, and so on.”^[20] Tamura points to a shift in Japanese hip hop, when artists began to focus on issues pertinent to Japanese society, versus previous styles and subjects that were copied from US hip hop culture. For Japan, the style of hip hop was much more appealing than topics popular in American hip hop, such as violence^[21]. Ian Condry, on the other hand, focuses on an interplay between local and global hip hop within the genba of Japan. For Condry, Japanese hip hop was born out of simultaneous localization and globalization of hip hop culture, rather than a shift between the two binary factors^[22].

[edit] Political Aspects

"King Giddra's "911" reflects on ground zero and it's aftermath in two eras: August 1945 and September 11, 2001." This also calls for peace in the world and to stop these troubled times. ^[23]. Japanese hip hop groups such as Rhymester tackle issues that are not openly addressed in society. Condry interviewed Rhymester member Utamaru, who talked about the motives for Japanese government support of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. ^[24]. As the politics of other countries affect other countries like Japan, political lyrics will become more relevant in music around the world^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] The influence of African-Americans on Japanese hip hop

Previous to the inception of hip hop, soul dancing became popularized in Japan in the 1970s. Shows like 'Soul Train' spread the African-American style of on-going dance that would soon be picked up by varying cultures all over the world. It is this style of dance that laid the foundation for the globalization of African-American culture due to its universal criteria. Anyone can dance to soul music which is not the case in terms of rapping, b-boying, etc. As movies like 'flashdance'(1983) reached the island, more and more young people began busting out moves on the street and other public arenas which only added to its cultural integration. Soon enough, Japanese culture was ready to alter the very structure of their language in order to partake in the transnational movement as we know as hip hop. ^[25]

Hip hop was thought to have originally become popular in Japan because the Japanese people wanted to imitate African-Americans. The Japanese would hear these rapper's music spinning in clubs, exposing to them a small, narrow view of West Coast hip hop. It was not only the music they latched onto, however. They came to love the entire hip hop culture, including the loose-fitting clothes, graffiti writing, and break dancing. Some Japanese hip-hop fans would even go to tanning salons to darken their skin, and style their hair in afros or dreadlocks in order to imitate the "cool" looks of African-Americans,^[26] although they are ridiculed by others, including other hip-hoppers.^[27] This style is called burapan - "the name given to the fashion sensibilities of all black wannabes."^[28] The term, though, has a derogatory history, combining the Japanese word for prostitute - panpan or pansuke - with "the abbreviation for burakku (black)."^[29] Therefore, a burapan is literally "a woman who prostitutes herself for black men."^[30] Although the word has come to describe a trend of dress and culture modeled after African-Americans, it is inherently problematic because of its origins. The soundtrack of Wild Style was marketed in Japan as a cassette with a book of photos-scenes from the film, neighborhoods, breakers, graffiti, etc.-Japan's hip hop contributions have been perceived by many to be based more on appearances appearances than anything else. Lacking ghettos, culture wars, and acknowledged racial disharmony, Japanese youth relate hip hop as the soundtrack to international fashion. Blackness, as embodied in Africa medallions, baggy jeans, even $500 dreadlock treatments and skin darkeners, is a commodity on the streets of Tokyo.^[31][32]

Japanese hip hop is completely classified as an imitation of African American hip hop. This only do not happen at the level of singing, but also the way they dress and even tanning their skin in order to look black. However, people who do this say that they are doing this just because is cool and “cool is everywhere in Japan” (Joe Wood, p.43). But this coolness is nothing else, but a imitation and trying to be someone who you are not “like children of the white landlord in Queens, many young Japanese closely imitate the style of the rappers they see on screens in their living room” (Joe Wood, p.43). In any case the imitation of Japanese people makes seem like they have not vision of themselves, even if it is not like that.

A subculture of hip-hoppers who subscribe to the burapan style are referred to as blackfacers, a reference to the blackface style of makeup used in minstrel acting that began as an imitation or caricaturation of American slaves in the South and ex-slaves in the North.^[33] One Japanese pop group, the Gosperats, has been known to wear blackface makeup during performances.^[34] The appearance of these "Jiggers" has shown a growing popularity with the hip-hop subculture in Japan despite what can be viewed as "racist" ideological tendencies of the country towards African-Americans^[35]. There are roughly 50,000 African Americans in Japan; which is approximately .04% of the Japanese population ^[36]. Although such an insignificant percent of the Japanese population is African American Japanese subculture is very much accepting of African American culture. For many rebellious Japanese youth it provides an outlet for "coolness" and a chance to express themselves outside the box. ^[37] However, some Japanese fans of hip-hop find it embarrassing and ridiculous that these blackface fans do this because they feel like they shouldn't change their appearance to embrace the culture. In some instances it can be seen as a racist act, but for many of the young the Japanese fans it is a way of immersing in the hip hop culture the way they see fit. ^[38] For example the Japanese hip hop group SOUL'd OUT is extremely imitative of African American culture. One specific thought that comes to mind when looking at SOUL'd OUT is their appearance. Their wardrobe undoubtedly reminds one of African American fashion. ^[39] Even as Japanese hung Sambo (racial term) signs throughout the city, they were undeniably attracted to black music and style. Before hip hop, the Japanese had embraced jazz, rock n roll, and funk. It is important to note however, despite the seemingly racists tendencies toward African American's and the simultaneous embrace of black culture, the Japanese have a very different construction of racial ideology then the US. Whereas the white versus black dichotomy typifies the racial system in the US, the Japanese construct their identities in terms of nationalism. Rather than identifying strongly with a color, Japanese tradition speaks to a homogeneous society that places foreigners in the "other category." Because of this context, "jiggers" and the young teens who wear blackface rebel by embracing individual identities that are different from the norm^[40]In fact, blackfacers (especially the females) seem to embrace their assumed skin color, and black people, tending to party where "natural" blacks go. especially black American soldiers and Africans who moved to Japan. ^[41] The use of blackface is seen by some as a way to rebel against the culture of surface images in Japan^[42]. Blackface is used as a way to connect with African-Americans and the hegemonic racial structure that exists in the United States. Japan is seen as a homogenous and insular group, and the use of blackface shows that the youth of Japan are not only concerned with Japanese issues, but issues on a global level^[43]. Those partaking in blackface are "ordinary high school and college kids" and they pursue African American "blackness" with great passion.^[44] Their dedication to this "blackness" is evident through their dedication to even more underground American hip hop acts such as the Boot Camp Clik, as they appear almost obsessed with all things that are "black".^[45]. In the same respect for "many young Japanese devotees of black culture, the blackfacers are decidedly uncool" ^[46] Blackfacers are described by other hip hoppers as "fools, or as not cool"^[47] But all of this doesn't matter. It is said that the Buraoan style is on the downswing. Mikako a fashion analyzer says that "the 'cool' that my friend at the nightclubaspired too wouldn't be 'cool' for very long"^{[48] [49]} They say imitation is the best form of flattery, but that doesn't take away from the face that some of the actions by these young people may be offensive. It may be offensive to their own cultures and to others. It in a way says that they are disowning their own culture and trying to adapt to a different culture other than their own.

Noted in Joe Wood's article,"The Yellow Negro," "Japan in the eighties seemed a lot like America in the fifties."^[50] In other words, the socio-economic conditions for white American middle-class children (white negroes) in the 1950s and their Japanese counterpart (Japanese blackfacers) in the 1980s allowed unprecedented cultural deviance to occur. It is the wealth and prosperity characteristic of these demographic groups at these specific points in time that can lend us understanding to when, why, and how one culture can most fluidly assimilate into another. Ironically, both cultures adopted black cultural practices in the midst of a post-war boom. In the case of Japan, the ‘Japanese Miracle’ gave many middle-class families the financial padding necessary for such diverse consumerism. Rebelling against the conformity and homogeneity of Japanese society, Japanese blackfacers took it a step further by uniquely adapting the physical look of black culture by literally tanning their faces to seem more ‘black.’ To Japanese hip-hop fans and to Japanese culture, the hip-hop phenomena severely influenced Japanese youth."Lacking ghettos, culture wars, and acknowledged disharmony. Japanese youth relate hip hop as the soundtrack to international fashion. Blackness is a commodity on the streets of Tokyo." ^[51] Japanese hip hop is just an animation. It mimics only the style of American hip hop, not even the meaning.^[52] Some critics of Japanese Hip Hop believe that it simply follows a long line of Black music that ultimately gained popularity through a different ethnic group mimicking the music. The “Elvis Effect” occurs “when white participation in traditionally black avenues of cultural production produces feelings of unease.” It occurs whenever a white person attempts a historically black art-form, is discovered to critical acclaim, and this is what leads to that art-form receiving widespread commercial acceptance. Aside from Elvis Presley, notable examples throughout music history include Dave Brubeck, Eric Clapton, and Eminem. Many critics believe that this concept is relevant to Japanese and other forms of global Hip Hop. If listeners first discover Hip Hop through a Japanese artist, there is the fear that they will never bother learning about Hip Hop’s origins and simply continue to listen to strictly Japanese versions of the genre. ^{[53] [54]}

[edit] Influence of America on Japanese Hip Hop

'Hip-hop (known to Japanese as hippu hoppu, nip-hop, or J-Rap) is currently one of the most popular types of music.'^[55]. Since hip hop originated in America, the influence American culture has on the Japanese style of hip hop is immense. Most Japanese artists admit that they are still relying in American influence but they “are also adding new styles and twists to make hip-hop music closer to their own culture” ^[56]. Many people believe that “presence of hip-hop implies a "loss of Japanese culture." But what if hip-hop is used to express one's Japaneseness? In this song clip, Kohei Japan plays on the idea of what it means to be Japanese by setting up contrasts with "Western" foods. He proclaims that he eats "rice, not bread, and fish, not meat" and so on, riffing on the notion that being hip-hop and being Japanese are mutually exclusive” ^[57]. This is a true statement, meaning that the Japanese are trying to define their own style of hip hop, but seem to end up imitating Americans nonetheless. “Japanese people used to spend massive amounts of money for a pair Levi’s from popular jeans company. Consequently when a movie featuring New York City’s graffiti artists, MCs, DJs and breakdancers entitled “Wild Style” was shown in Tokyo, the hip-hop documentary made Japan very interested in hip-hop” ^[58].

Of course Japan maybe be adapting to American materialistic values and buying new gold chains, but maybe it is helping them. Joe Harrington of the New York Times believes it is, "America has changed little in Appearance. We of Japan are learning to smile more than we do, laugh more, see life brighter and stronger. ^[59] Maybe taking on American values are helping the morality of Japan's youth as a whole.

As Ian Condry discusses in his analysis of Japanese hip-hop, Japanese artists are constantly at odds with themselves over representing Japanese authenticity and, at the same time, being true to hip-hop. A perfect example of this can be seen in the comparison of artists Dabo and Uzi. Dabo comes off as the Japanese 50 Cent whereas Uzi can be seen on album covers donning a Samurai's armor and sword. As if this conflict wasn't complicated enough we see a new trend as Globalization continues and the Japanese culture is beginning to heavily effect those in the U.S. Artists like the Teriyaki Boyz cannot lay claim to a legacy like Dabo's or Uzi's. While the Teriyaki Boyz do seem to act and dress like New York rappers of the 90's , they are also the faces of the Bathing Ape Clothing Company which has taken urban youth by storm. The Teriyaki Boyz haven't merely copied New York Style, they've laid claim to it and made something unique that other people other cultures are now copying. Where do we draw the line, as far as representation goes? Where do artists like the Teriyaki Boyz, who are actually influencing America, ironically, fall into Ian Condry's spectrum.

Hip hop from America has made an impact on the Japanese and the Japanese have held tight to the culture and have incorporated the many aspects of hip-hop into their everyday life. In Japan, DJs are playing popular songs from America, breakdancers are regularly seen practicing on street corners, graffiti artists are making names from themselves and becoming increasingly popularThe Japanese have long perceived themselves, and been perceived by others, as one homogenous group, racially, ethnically, and culturally identical. This homogeneity has also been cited as its cause for isolation. ^[60] Today's media has certaintly led to an influence from the U.S. on Japanese rap. The presence of hip-hop can imply a loss of Japanese culture due to the American influence. The American influence can also be seen as a positive as hip-hop supposedly democratizes artistic production, making it possible for virtually anyone to express themselves.^[61] As a result, hip-hop in Japan is also used to express one's Japaneseness and to stray away from typical Japanese culture and society. American hip hop influence can be seen as both positive and negative forms of globalization on Japanese society.

America's influence on Japanese hip hip can also be studied through a racial lens. When Japan was defeated by the US at the close of WWII, one of the stipulations was that the Japanese cease emperor worship immediately and subscribe to a political democracy based on the American model(1) ^[62] . While this transition was commonplace in the immediate postwar, it is important to note that the US was well invested in an initiative to convert as many foreign governments to democratic systems comparable to its own. This conversation turns racial years after the US occupation. As Japan was disallowed to start any wars and was kept without an army, the psychological effects of this national vulnerability and humiliation included the normalization of American culture in Japanese culture. American Whites and Blacks both played intricate roles in molding the way Japanese hip hop would emerge: without the paradigmatic relationship between mainstream middle class culture and underground working class culture, the hip hop dialectic is missing an important voice. For example, Joe Wood points out the manifestation of white normalization in Anime, noting that the character usually look white, with upturned noses and blue eyes(2)^[63]. Without this springboard, the identity of the gangsta rapper would have no comparative value.

[edit] Joe Wood Associates Blackface with Coolness

Joe Wood, an African American music critic, took a trip to Japan. When Joe arrived he felt the country’s general uneasiness towards foreigners. At the train station Joe remarked, “everyone had studiously ignored me and my obvious struggle to figure out where I was going.” ^[64] Wood also felt uneasy due to a known racism against foreigners. A prominent politician compared African Americans to prostitutes in an analogy explaining “black Americans who move into white neighborhoods and ruin the atmosphere.” (Wood, 42) Wood compared the politicians’ analogy with a white landlord who does not rent to black people in New York. Joe felt all this racism despite Japan’s blackface hip-hop culture. ^[65] However, Wood felt comfortable when visiting the blackface club “Kings”. Through experiencing the club Wood concluded that teens dressed blackface because it was cool and in style. ^[66] Although Joe Wood's perspective of "blackface" Japan is widely spoken of, a point of view found in Ian Condry's "Hip-Hop Japan" differs. John Russell argues that,"constructions of blackness, even those regarded as positive, are based on stereotypes that deprive blacks of their humanity, individuality, aand heterogeneity."^[67] This point of view that Condry presents is very intriguing because it shows how Afircan Americans are still stereotyped even when it seems that it is positive. ^[68]

[edit] Japanese Hip-Hop Dance scene

Dancing is an important aspect of the hip-hop culture. Before hip-hop was popular in Japan there was Soul dancing which acted as a foundation for the Japanese people to accept street dance culture. A big break through time for Japan in the dance scene was after the movie “Flashdance,” “Wild Style,” and “Beat Street.” This was only the beginning of the dance explosion in Japan. The New York hip hop scene also had a large impact on the dance influence in Japan. Lalah Hathaway’s “Baby Don’t Cry” music video had a large impact on the dancers in Japan and started to mold the style into something closer to the NY sophisticated dance style.^[69] This attracted many Japanese people to NY to see this style of dancing for them. In addition in 1992 the form of street dancing known as “house” emerged from the influence of music videos as well. It took very well to the culture in Japan and is now well known. Wood discusses in his writing “Yellow Negro” the influence that race plays on the club scene and the type of dancing and music played in Japan depends on the racial composition of its guests. ^[70]The club scene is a very important scene for the Japanese people to be able to express hip hop in a visual way which stretches across all barriers regardless of language.

[edit] Language

Initially language was a barrier for hip-hop in Japan. Rappers initially only rapped in English because it was believed that the differences between English and Japanese would make it impossible to rap in Japanese. Unlike English, the Japanese language ends phrases in auxiliary verbs. Whereas English ends in verbs or nouns, which are extremely common, Japanese rappers were limited by the small number of grammatically correct possibilities for ending a phrase. Japanese also lacks the stresses on certain syllables that provide flow to English rapping. Even traditional Japanese poetry was based on the numbers of syllables present, unlike English poetry which was based on the stresses in a line. Most Japanese lyrical music was also formulated using textual repetition, not relying on the flow of the words. ^[71] Japanese was also a traditionally polite language, with many ways of subtly indicating class distinctions. English was seen as a direct and obscene language, one far more suited to the tough quality present in hip-hop. Eventually, artists began translating music from English to Japanese and performing those direct translations, often leaving the bridge of the song in English to keep the catchiness of the rhymes and flow intact. ^[72] Slowly, with the increase in popularity of rap in Japan, more rappers began using Japanese. Rappers added stressed syllables to their music, altering the natural flow of the language to fit into traditional hip-hop. American injections were also used in raps to help the flow of the music and often homonyms were placed in raps, which appealed both to the global English-speaking audience and to Japanese speakers, who often would understand the double meanings intended. The polite characteristic of the Japanese language was found to allow subtly put downs in raps, which appealed to many audiences. ^[73] Rhymes were also added to Japanese hip-hop by altering the basic structure of the language by eliminating the final auxiliary verbs in raps and instead placing key words at the end of lines. Additionally, to make Japanese work in a rhyming setting, the rappers will change the language in any which way they can by using "slang, derogatory terms, regional variations, gendered variations, and bilingual puns" so that "more hip-hop" means the creation of "more Japanese." ^[74]. This lends itself to the Japanese being able to express themselves in mature lyrics as they seem to find a way to express themselves and "create" new language that does not inhibit their rhyming. As such, Japanese hip-hop music is often praised for its mature and culturally relevant lyrics ^[75] English phrases were also put at the end of lines where a Japanese word could not be found to fit. This made rhyming in Japanese far easier and also helped Japanese rappers create raps that fit into common rap patterns and allowed Japanese rappers to express themselves in a more Japanese style, both in basic language and in regard to themes, of which many common themes, like the concept of social responsibility versus emotional needs, are not easily translated. ^[76]

In order to explain the “rhyming” method in Japanese Hip-Hop, we need to answer the followed question. What is rhyming? During late 1980s and early 1990s Japanese thought they needed to define “rap” before they define “rhyme” in this concept. Rappers like mc Bell and Cake-K explains that rap is not just singing, it is talking but with rhythm and melody. Mc Bell goes on saying that it can not be a rap without rhyme. He states that “in a measure, you need words ending with the same sound.” For example, he said, “three rhymes in a measure is called three-link rhyming.” ^[77] As explained before, the “English” language sounds so cool in rap that the Japanese rappers usually adds the typical phrases such as ‘check it out!’, ‘say ho!’ and ‘Goddamn!’ According to Sh hei Hosokawa, those phrases are incidentally added and “the phonetic quality of black verbal expression is sometimes adopted” as well. He also notes that in Japanese Hip-Hop, the “semantics matter, yet so do phonetics” and he adds to his point that “meaningful wording” is a big part of the rap, as well as the “playful rhyming”. ^[78]

[edit] Venues and events

Genba, also known as the actual site, is the place and space for established and future underground hip-hop artists to gain and maintain recognition. It is here in these venues and night clubs that the artist performs and networks with people from the music industry, the audience, and the media. If the artist is a crowd favorite, the audience cheers or dances and this in a way decides the fate. ^[79] Without such genba acknowledgments, artists would disappear from the scene. Conversely, the business success of some rappers is not rejected but seen with a touch of envy, especially if they manage to go frequently to nightclubs like Zeebra in order to sustain their networks and keep up to date on the latest trends. ^[80]

Before the turn of the new millennium, genba served as a places where Japanese hip hop colture was created and born. In the city of Tokyo, between the youth shopping districts of Shibuya and Harajuko, there was created a genba – a fathering point for youthful fans and performers. Traffic was stopped, and people and artists were able to perform and express themselves outside in this very public arena. This area became known as “Hokoten,” short for hokosha tengoku, which means “pedestrian paradise.” [69] It is said that here more than anywhere else in Japan in the 1990s, one could see the interplay and parallel between music and fashion [70].

Thumpin’ Camp has been one of the most memorable and largest hip hop events that occurred in Japan. July 7, 1996 is an unforgettable day for many rappers, as well as the fans; about four thousand people attended the show. Males were more attracted to this hip hop scene than females; thus, about 80 percent of the audience was male adolescents. Over thirty rappers, DJs, and break-dancers from the underground scene performed in the show. This event touched many young individuals who were passionate about hip hop. The Thumpin’Camp show left a remarkable memory in the hip hop history in Japan. ^{[81] [82]}

Japan boasts a variety of clubs, which, although they are "open to all races...the kind of music played depends on the race of the next largest racial group."^[83] That group, of course, being next largest to the Japanese, who can be found at each of the different clubs. The clubs that only play hip hop and reggae are those clubs that are attended mostly by blacks. Interestingly, in the clubs which are frequented by Japanese people and those which white people attend, you find that there is an even proportion of race and gender. In these clubs, you will generally find equal amounts of Japanese men and women, and a fairly even proportion of racially different men and women. However, in the hip hop clubs, "almost all the men are black, and almost all the women are Japanese".^[84] Often in the hip hop cubs, you will find that the Japanese women darken their skin, and get extensions and cornrows, in order to attain that "natural" black look. ^[85]

As aforementioned, genba is agreeably one of the most prominent and core place for hip hop in Japan, there is however a visible shift and spread/increase of Japanese hip hop venues. Among these are clubs, crowds on streets and many more. According to Ian Condry, in his book ^[86] he outlines the idea and fact that, clubs have become one of the most convenient and top promoting places for Japanese hip hop. Great Djs and turntable-lists use clubs to as venues to not promote other rappers, by that spreading the hip-hop culture, bring and promote new songs and their own hip hop work. Referring to some sources such as ^[87] , the above named source is a Japanese hip hop forum that also focuses on clubs in Japan. The above source also services proof of Dj and upcoming artists naming places, clubs, Street gatherings of where they are going to be so as to promote their work or any artist they are interested in. The above all in all justifies the view that Japanese Hip hop venues are not just genba but have rather taken and shift or taking a shift into a variety of places such as the ones named above.

[edit] Ideologies and interpretations

The dance style in Japan began to rapidly change in the early 90's from the influence of American rap and hip hop videos, especially from those artists out of big cities like New York and Los Angeles. Several artists that heavily influenced dance in Japan were Shake, Fendy, Soul Brothers, Robert and Scheme Team.^[88]

Although many Japanese hip hop artists imitate the style of African American "gangsta" rappers, others try to authenticate and legitimate their work with clothes and images of samurai. They metaphorically consider their mics as their swords, and, like the samurai used to do, they engage and prove themselves in public battles.^[89] The notion of battling is important to hip hop in Japan in general, as it "means to work within certain rules of engagement and to acknowledge that not everyone will prevail." The rules of hip hop battling are the universally accepted rap flow, use of sampling, and machismo attitude. Of course, merely following the rules does not guarantee that an artist will reach the top of the hip hop pyramid. "The battles unfolding in Japanese hip-hop offer a way of grasping the relationship between the widening global reach of hip-hop and the increasing diversity of styles in different social and geographic locations." Viewing Japanese hip hop artists as modern day samurai raises the issue of global versus local loyalty among contemporary Japanese youth.^[90]

The samurai is an icon of the Japanese culture. Rappers and DJs in Japan have utilized this national symbol in their music videos and album artwork^[91] Cultural references such as samurai within Japanese hip hop authenticate the genre as its own art form instead of mere imitation of American rap.

Ironically, it is just as easy as to see how the embracing if Japanese culture in hip hop by Japanese artist was sparked by an embrace of that culture by Black American artists who have embraced Japanese culture and the way of the Samurai. The Wu-Tang Clan (group of 9 emcees from New York’s, Staten Island) single handedly embraced Japanese culture by creating a group persona around the mystic elements of Japanese culture. Being fans and embracing Japanese and Eastern culture at large, the group named their beloved Staten neighborhood Island Shaolin (after the Kun Fu clan/fighting style) they also adopted mysterious martial artist names such as Method Man, Masta Killah, and Ghostface Killah. In their album titles and lyrics they make endless references to Eastern philosophy/martial and history while talking in philosophically sounding code befitting Kun Fu movies^[92] The Wu-Tang Clan has been touring Japan since 1994 and although it has been argued that a final step in the transfer of hip hop from the U.S. to other cultures is the marriage of hip hop to the local culture, art, and music of the receiving nation, the Wu-Tang Clan’s embrace of Japanese culture may have sped up the process for hip hop in Japan^[93]

[edit] Notable Japanese Artists

One major Japanese hip hop group, Rhymester, has expressed opinions on various global and philosophical issues through their lyrics. Rhymester has put out motivating messages through hip hop, with songs like "B-Boyism" that emphasizes improving oneself, with lyrics such as "I'm not surrendering this aesthetic flattering no one, I improve myself only the wonderful, useless people get it, and roar, at the edge of the bass."^[94] The group has also written socially critical lyrics, in songs attacking the Japanese government, as well as the United States for invading Iraq.^[95] Rhymester is also known for it's collaborative work with the Funky Grammar Unit in the 1980s, as well as its participation in hip hop battles.^[96]

Another major group of Japanese hip-hop is King Giddra. They are one of the few pioneers of Japanese hip-hop. They began their hip hop careers in 1993 and felt hip-hop was needed in Japan. Group members ,Zeebra and K Dub Shine, both of whom had lived in the U.S., were convinced of the necessity for hip-hop to be about issues of social opposition.^[97] They used hip-hop to address social issues of the time, such as: the inability of college graduates to find employment and the media overload of advertising sex and violence. They also “challenged youth not only to recognize the difficulties faced by Japanese society but also to speak up about them.” ^[98] King Giddra also wrote a song called "911" which carried a distinct anti-war message and drew parallels between the bombing of Hiroshima and the attacks of September 11.^[99] A video with translation can be seen on Youtube. Their message and hip-hop was accepted by the people of Japan because they received commercial success and eventually led to their solo careers.

Dabo is one of the first hip hop artists in Japan. He sprung to the scene in the 1990s and has fame all over Japan. He is the first Japanese artist to be sighned to Def Jam Japan. He is also disliked for his style of hip hop which is said to be imitation of African American Hip Hop. Many Japanese musicians feel that artists similar to Dabo are just mimicking what they see in American hip hop and is not unique in any sense.^[100]

Another influential rap artist in Japan is female rapper, Hime. In her music, she employs a strong message to empower women in Japanese culture. Many of her songs combat the common stereotype of women in Japanese culture. She calls herself “the voice of the Japanese doll,” in attempts to challenge and reinvent stereotypes that label women as quiet and obedient. Another common stereotype used to degrade women in Japan is the term yellow cab, which is used to describe a woman who is sexually provocative or whorish. In her song, Yellow cab, Hime cleverly deconstructs the derogatory connotations of this term. By contextualizing yellow cab as defining a woman who is in the driver’s seat, Hime transforms its meaning in attempts to empower Japanese woman. ^[101]

Another influential artist in Japan is a male singer Toshi Kubota. Toshi is a Japanese singer who is originally from Shizuoka, Japan. Toshi is known as the pioneer of soul music in Japan. His music styles have varied over the years, from pop-oriented sounds through to reggae and soul. Toshi made his Japanese debut in 1986 with the album, Shake It Paradise. His popularity peaked with his award-winning 1990 release, “Bonga Wanga.” Toshi’s albums have consistently sold over a million copies each in Japan.^[102] According to a reading from the yellow negro, some Japanese artist have made reference to profound attraction to black music and style. They have embraced jazz, rock 'n' roll, funk, and other forms of African American expression.^[103]

Additionally, Hime has revolutionized the rhyming patterns in rap songs by embracing traditional Japanese poetic forms such as tanka in her song “If the Peony Stands.” ^[104] In her use of this intricate form, she embraces and fuses Japanese culture with traditional American hip hop styling. Hip hop is also an outlet for Japanese minority groups such as Burakumin and Japanese Koreans to express their experiences. Jin Black is a rapper who writes about his life in a Burakumin neighborhood.^[105]

Ian Condry, an associate professor in the Japanese Cultural Studies Dept at MIT, is a cultural anthropologist who specializes in contemporary Japan. He has covered Hip Hop in Japan since its inception into the genre. His fieldwork started in 1995-97 and he has published many articles revolving around Japanese Hip Hop.

[edit] Blackface or Imitation

Blackface and imitation of black culture have become more pronounced in Japan in recent years. These trends have a complicated history, and illustrate the complex nature of Japan's understanding of black culture. Japanese exposure to Africans dates back to the mid-sixteenth century, when black Africans first came to Japan as servants or slaves. The Japanese who first came into contact with these Africans learned to view them as subordinates. In addition, during this time period, all foreigners were considered "barbarians" in Japanese society. It has been argued that racism against blacks was especially imported to Japan during Western Imperialism in the 1880s. However, in recent years, this racism has become significantly less prominent ^[106].

Hip Hop and black culture has had an undoubted presence in Japan in recent years. Wood explains,“..noted facet of Japanese culture: its profound attraction to black music and style.” ^[107] These “Yellow Negros”, a.k.a “Jiggers” have embodied the ideas of “blackness” and advocate for the black race. From the way they dress (fashion) down to the way they talk (language). Now while their intentions are for the good, their representations haven been mistaken as imitation. Ian Condry speaks of this issue heavily in his article, “Yellow B-Boys, Black Culture, and Hip-Hop in Japan: Toward a Transnational Cultural Politics of Race” when he explains, “The spectacle of young Japanese spending lavishly on “dread hair” and tanning salons is perhaps the most striking expression of hip-hop devotion in Japan, and for critics both in the United States and in Japan it symbolizes a misappropriation and misunderstanding of black music, culture, and style.” ^[108]

Artist Banana Ice released a song in 1995 called “Imitation + Imitation = Imitation,” where he put these “blackfaces” on front map, criticizing them for their mis-representation of their identity. While on the one hand, these blackfacers feel that they are bringing more to the culture and representing for a greater cause. On the other, they have been perceived for the all the wrong things. Hip hop on a global level has been an unifying force for countries, but it should not allow for imitation or the need to “copy”, rather only to bring diversity.

Part of the problem with the blackface culture lies in its inability to fully represent the essence of hip-hop in general. Aside from commercial rap that is produced to advance capitalist endeavors, the majority of global hip-hop has been utilized as a medium to express discontent with various political agendas and socioeconomic frameworks. Blackfaces however make little, if any, effort to utilize hip-hop as a conduit of political expression; instead they choose to imitate what has been presented as the norm in hip-hop culture. Although this demonstrates admiration for Black culture and may flatter many hip-hop artists of color, it furthers the impression that blackface culture is not a genuine version of hip-hop but rather an attempt to imitate what is considered "cool". ^[109] These notions are supported by the overwhelming percentage of blackfaces who have no idea as to any of the conflicts that have propagated the transnational pervasion of hip-hop. ^[110] Between copying fashion styles, tanning, and hanging out recreationally in areas populated by Blacks while simultaneously possessing almost no knowledge of any struggle endogenous to hip-hop culture, let alone addressing the problems within its own society (a characteristic of all hip-hop cultures), the culture surrounding Japanese hip-hop has many strides to take before being accepted as its own authentic and unique culture.

In many subcultures that exist in Japan that is seen to be “cool”, Wood explains that the Ganguro or “black face” are considered an embarrassment and “uncool” by many hip-hop and black culture supporters in Japan. Those who oppose to balckfacers principle of physical and cultural imitation of black people feel that, the point does not lie in painting or darkening the skin complexion but rather participate in the elements that represent hip-hop such as graffiti-writing, break-dancing and adapting hip-hop fashion. In a sense blackfacers are seen as fake, and “unreal.”^[111] As for the female involved in the black-face subculture started in mid 1990s as a desire to emulate the popular, sun-tanned Okinawan singer Amuro Namie and fashion models like Naomi Campbell, and other hip-hop artists like Lil’Kim and Mary J.Blige.^[112]

Based on the Japanese critique of the black-faced subculture and the type of characters generally portrayed in Anime (white people with blue eyes and upturned noses) there are African Americans who come to Japan that believe that Japanese people really want to be white. ^[113]. But anime like "Samurai Champloo," that clearly fuse Japanese culture with African-American Hip-hop, emulates how African-American culture is valued and celebrated in Japan, and how much color does not matter if what you have to offer (in this case, Hip-hop) is "cool." As a result of the Japanese "cool" standard, Samurai Champloo has gone to be a great success in Japan and the U.S., exemplifying how a Japanese story can be told through African-American Hip-hop. ^{[114] [115]}

In “Yellow Negro,” Joe Wood, an African-American man goes to Japan in search for understanding of this blackface, or burapan, culture. He finds that in Japan, there exists a struggle to be cool, to stand out from the multitudes of sub-cultures that exist. Visiting a bar in the Roppongi night-club area, known for clubs which play African-American, Wood saw the struggle between the African club owners whose business profited off the black music, African-American soldiers stationed in Japan, and the burapan teens struggle to identify themselves with black culture. Wood learns that sub-cultures of teens who tan themselves black are not considered cool; he wonders whether they perceive themselves as coloured. Eventually, Wood finds that the burapan kids do not identify as black, their interest ins in the fashion and music but has nothing to do with the black struggle.^[116]

One reason Joe Wood hypothesizes as the reason that ganguro gained popularity is that Japanese youth see themselves growing up in a very homogeneous culture. In order to separate themselves from everyone else and gain a personal identity, they go beyond what is considered normal or previously accepted. Although this is in fact not true of Japan, it is said to be believed by many Japanese citizens, including a high percentage of the youth. This is in part due to Japan’s strict emigration laws in the past.^[117].^[118]

One of the propelling factors of the explosion of hip hop onto the music scene in Japan is the fashion aspect. At hip hop nightclubs, often owned and run by Africans, one would find clubbers wearing hip hop clothing typical of American youth such as oversized shirts, Tommy Hilfiger jeans and baseball caps. This macho look is even found on the women ^[119]. In Tokyo you are most likely to find the latest fashions amongst the youth including burapan, the black wannabe fashion. Shibuya, an area of Tokyo, is the center of youth culture in Tokyo and where hip hop’s growing presence can be most experienced ^[120]. In Shibuya, one will find many stores offering hip hop clothing including Bathing Ape Clothing Line also known as Bape. Bape has been worn by Pharell Williams and other popular hip hop artists of America. The hip hop clothing available in many of these stores can be very expensive. Hip hop fashion is now also popular in the suburbs although not everyone who wears the baggy pants and oversized NBA jerseys is not into hip hop music, some are only following the latest trends. Hip hop’s presence can definitely be seen on the youth of Japan as they use their clothing to express their attitude and lifestyle ^[121].

[edit] External links

• Ian Condry's site, with videos and historical background (out of date)
• Japanese rap and language

[edit] See also

• List of Japanese hip hop musicians
• http://zine375.eserver.org/issue1/living5.html

[edit] References

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