Grumman F3F
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| Grumman F3F | |
|---|---|
 F3F-1 of VF-4 in the late 1930s. |
|
| Type | Fighter aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Grumman |
| Designed by | Leroy Grumman |
| Maiden flight | 20 March 1935 |
| Introduced | 1936 |
| Retired | November 1943 |
| Primary users | United States Navy United States Marine Corps |
| Produced | 1936-1939 |
| Number built | 147 |
| Unit cost | $20,424 as of 1935[1] |
| Developed from | Grumman F2F |
The Grumman F3F was the last American biplane fighter aircraft delivered to the United States Navy. Designed as an improvement on the single-seat F2F, it entered service in 1936 and was retired from front line squadrons at the end of 1941.
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[edit] Design and development
The Navy's experience with the F2F revealed issues with stability and unfavorable spin characteristics,[2] prompting the 15 October 1934 contract for the improved XF3F-1, placed before F2F deliveries began. The contract also required a capability for ground attack, in addition to the design's fighter role.[1] Powered by the same Pratt & Whitney R-1535-72 Twin Wasp Junior engine as the F2F, the fuselage was lengthened and wing area increased over the earlier design. A reduction in wheel diameter allowed greater fuselage streamlining, eliminating the prominent bulge behind the cowling of the F2F.
The prototype, BuNo. 9727, was delivered and first flown on 20 March 1935 with company test pilot Jimmy Collins making three flights that day. Two days later, six dive-recovery flights took place; on the tenth, the aircraft's pullout at 8,000 ft (2,438 m) registered 14 g on the test equipment. The aircraft broke up in midair, crashing in a cemetery and killing Collins.[1] A second, strengthened prototype was built, but it crashed on 9 May of the same year following the pilot's bailout during an unsuccessful spin recovery. The second prototype was rebuilt in three weeks, flying on 20 June 1935. An order for 54 F3F-1 fighters was placed on 24 August of that year, following the conclusion of the flight test program.
[edit] Operational history
The first production F3F-1 was delivered on 29 January 1936 to the test group at Naval Air Station Anacostia, with squadron service beginning in March to VF-5B of the USS Ranger and VF-6B of the USS Saratoga. Marine squadron VF-4M received the last six in January 1937.
Grumman, wanting to take advantage of the powerful new 950 hp (708 kW) Wright R-1820 Cyclone supercharged radial engine, began work on the F3F-2 without a contract; the order for 81 aircraft was not placed until 25 July 1936, two days before the type's first flight.[2] The engine's larger diameter changed the cowling's appearance, making the aircraft look even more like a barrel, though top speed increased to 255 mph (410 km/h) at 12,000 ft (3,658 m).[1]
The entire F3F-2 production series was delivered in between 1937 and 1938; when deliveries ended, all seven Navy and Marine Corps pursuit squadrons were equipped with Grumman single-seat fighters. Further aerodynamic developments were made to an F3F-2 returned to Grumman for maintenance; it became the XF3F-3, and featured a larger-diameter propeller, among other improvements. On 21 June 1938, the Navy ordered 27 improved F3F-3s, as new monoplane fighters like the Brewster F2A and Grumman's own F4F Wildcat were taking longer to develop than had been planned.
With the introduction of the Brewster F2A-1, the Navy's biplane fighter days were numbered. All F3Fs were withdrawn from squadron service by the end of 1941, though 117 were assigned to naval bases and used for training and utility duties until December 1943.[2]
A few F3Fs were used by the U.S. Army Air Force as ferry-pilot trainers, under the designation UC-103.
A civilian aerobatic two-seat variant, the G-32A "Gulfhawk II," was constructed in 1938 and flown by Major Alfred "Al" Williams (Ret.), head of Gulf Oil's aviation department.
[edit] Survivors
A Grumman F3F-2 was ditched off the coast of San Diego on 29 August 1940 while attempting a landing on the USS Saratoga (CV-3). The fighter was rediscovered by a navy submarine in June 1988, and recovered on 5 April 1991. It was restored at the San Diego Aerospace Museum.[1]
Today, four other surviving aircraft are flying, three F3F-2 models and the Gulf Oil G-32A, which were restored by Herb Tischler's Texas Airplane Factory in Fort Worth. The restorations took four years and consisted of rebuilding the G-32A, from original blueprints with tooling built at the Texas Airplane Factory. The main components of three -2 aircraft which had originally crashed in Hawaii were utilized to complete the other restorations.
[edit] Operators
[edit] Specifications (F3F-3)
Data from Great Aircraft of the World[1]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1 pilot
- Length: 23 ft 2 in (7.06 m)
- Wingspan: 32 ft 0 in (9.75 m)
- Height: 9 ft 4 in (2.84 m)
- Wing area: 260 ft² (24.15 m²)
- Empty weight: 3,285 lb (1,490 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 4,795 lb (2,175 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× Wright R-1820-22 "Cyclone" 9-cylinder radial engine, 950 hp (710 kW)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 229 knots, 264 mph (425 km/h) at 15,250 ft (4,658 m)
- Cruise speed: 150 mph (130 knots, 240 km/h)
- Range: 980 mi (850 nm, 1,600 km)
- Service ceiling 33,200 ft (10,120 m)
- Rate of climb: 2,800 ft/min (14 m/s) at sea level
Armament
- Guns:
- 1× 0.30 in (7.62 mm) M1919 machine gun, 500 rounds (left)
- 1× 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 machine gun, 200 rounds (right)
- Bombs: 2× 116 lb (52.6 kg) Mk IV bombs, one under each wing
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e Cacutt, Len, ed. “Grumman Single-Seat Biplane Fighters.” Great Aircraft of the World. London: Marshall Cavendish, 1989. p. 155-162. ISBN 1-85435-250-4.
- ^ a b c Grumman F3F. Air Group 31. Retrieved on 27 December 2006.
[edit] Bibliography
- Crosby, Francis. Fighter Aircraft. London: Lorenz Books, 2002. ISBN 0-7548-0990-0.
[edit] External links
[edit] See also
Comparable aircraft
- Avia B-534
- BF2C Goshawk
- F11C Goshawk
- Fiat Cr.32
- Fiat CR.42
- Gloster Gladiator
- Polikarpov I-15
- Polikarpov I-153
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