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Gastrin-releasing peptide, also known as GRP, is a human gene.[1]
This gene encodes a member of the bombesin-like family of gastrin-releasing peptides. Its preproprotein, following cleavage of a signal peptide, is further processed to produce either the 27 aa gastrin-releasing peptide or the 10 aa neuromedin C. These smaller peptides regulate numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation. These peptides are also likely to play a role in human cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, and prostate. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[1]
Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) is released by the post-ganglionic fibres of the vagus nerve which innervate the G cells of the stomach and stimulate them to release gastrin. GRP is also involved in the biology of the circadian system, playing a role in the signalling of light to the master circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Furthermore GRP seems to mediate certain aspects of stress.
This is the reason for the observed fact that atropine does not block the vagal effect on gastrin release.
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[edit] Further reading
- Merali Z, McIntosh J, Anisman H (2000). "Role of bombesin-related peptides in the control of food intake.". Neuropeptides 33 (5): 376-86. doi:10.1054/npep.1999.0054. PMID 10657515.
- Baraniuk JN, Lundgren JD, Shelhamer JH, Kaliner MA (1992). "Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) binding sites in human bronchi.". Neuropeptides 21 (2): 81-4. doi:10.1016/0143-4179(92)90518-2. PMID 1557184.
- Spindel ER, Zilberberg MD, Habener JF, Chin WW (1986). "Two prohormones for gastrin-releasing peptide are encoded by two mRNAs differing by 19 nucleotides.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (1): 19-23. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.1.19. PMID 3001723.
- Sausville EA, Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Spindel ER, et al. (1986). "Expression of the gastrin-releasing peptide gene in human small cell lung cancer. Evidence for alternative processing resulting in three distinct mRNAs.". J. Biol. Chem. 261 (5): 2451-7. PMID 3003116.
- Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Bertness V, Kirsch I, et al. (1987). "Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene maps to chromosome band 18q21.". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 13 (1): 81-6. doi:10.1007/BF02422302. PMID 3027901.
- Naylor SL, Sakaguchi AY, Spindel E, Chin WW (1987). "Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene is located on chromosome 18.". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 13 (1): 87-91. doi:10.1007/BF02422303. PMID 3027902.
- Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Kasprzyk PG, Raum MG, et al. (1989). "Posttranslational processing of endogenous and of baculovirus-expressed human gastrin-releasing peptide precursor.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 8 (8): 3129-35. PMID 3211139.
- Spindel ER, Chin WW, Price J, et al. (1984). "Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding human gastrin-releasing peptide.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81 (18): 5699-703. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.18.5699. PMID 6207529.
- Benya RV, Kusui T, Pradhan TK, et al. (1995). "Expression and characterization of cloned human bombesin receptors.". Mol. Pharmacol. 47 (1): 10-20. PMID 7838118.
- Moody TW, Zia F, Venugopal R, et al. (1994). "Corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates cyclic AMP, arachidonic acid release, and growth of lung cancer cells.". Peptides 15 (2): 281-5. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(94)90013-2. PMID 8008632.
- Frankel A, Tsao MS, Viallet J (1994). "Receptor subtype expression and responsiveness to bombesin in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells.". Cancer Res. 54 (7): 1613-6. PMID 8137267.
- Lü F, Jin T, Drucker DJ (1996). "Proglucagon gene expression is induced by gastrin-releasing peptide in a mouse enteroendocrine cell line.". Endocrinology 137 (9): 3710-6. doi:10.1210/en.137.9.3710. PMID 8756537.
- Bertenshaw GP, Turk BE, Hubbard SJ, et al. (2001). "Marked differences between metalloproteases meprin A and B in substrate and peptide bond specificity.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (16): 13248-55. doi:10.1074/jbc.M011414200. PMID 11278902.
- Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Proost P, et al. (2001). "Kinetic study of the processing by dipeptidyl-peptidase IV/CD26 of neuropeptides involved in pancreatic insulin secretion.". FEBS Lett. 507 (3): 327-30. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02982-9. PMID 11696365.
- Mason S, Smart D, Marshall IC, et al. (2002). "Identification and characterisation of functional bombesin receptors in human astrocytes.". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 438 (1-2): 25-34. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01268-2. PMID 11906707.
- Carroll RE, Matkowskyj K, Saunthararajah Y, et al. (2002). "Contribution of gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptor to villus development in the murine and human gastrointestinal tract.". Mech. Dev. 113 (2): 121-30. doi:10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00032-1. PMID 11960700.
- Uchida K, Kojima A, Morokawa N, et al. (2003). "Expression of progastrin-releasing peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mRNA transcripts in tumor cells of patients with small cell lung cancer.". J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 128 (12): 633-40. doi:10.1007/s00432-002-0392-8. PMID 12474049.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899-903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.
- Schneider J, Philipp M, Velcovsky HG, et al. (2003). "Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), neuron specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19-fragments (CYFRA 21-1) in patients with lung cancer in comparison to other lung diseases.". Anticancer Res. 23 (2A): 885-93. PMID 12820318.
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