Dies Irae

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Dies Irae (Day of Wrath) is a famous thirteenth century Latin hymn thought to be written by Thomas of Celano. It is a medieval Latin poem, differing from classical Latin by its accentual (non-quantitative) stress and its rhymed lines. The meter is trochaic. The poem describes the day of judgment, the last trumpet summoning souls before the throne of God, where the saved will be delivered and the unsaved cast into eternal flames. The hymn is used as a sequence in the Roman Catholic Requiem Mass in the extraordinary form (1962 missal). It is not used in the ordinary form (1970) of the Roman Missal.

Contents 1 Use in the Catholic liturgy 2 The Poem 3 Inspiration and other translations 4 Manuscript sources 5 Musical settings 6 References in popular culture 7 Literary references 8 References 9 External links

[edit] Use in the Catholic liturgy

Those familiar with musical settings of the Requiem Mass—such as those by Mozart or Verdi—will be aware of the important place of the Dies Iræ in the liturgy. Nevertheless it fell foul of the preferences of the "Consilium for the Implementation of the Constitution on the Liturgy"—the Vatican body charged with implementing (and indeed drafting) the reforms to the Catholic Liturgy ordered by the Second Vatican Council. The architect of these reforms, Archbishop Annibale Bugnini, explains the mind of the members of the Consilium:

They got rid of texts that smacked of a negative spirituality inherited from the Middle Ages. Thus they removed such familiar and even beloved texts as the Libera me, Domine, the Dies Iræ, and others that overemphasized judgment, fear, and despair. These they replaced with texts urging Christian hope and arguably giving more effective expression to faith in the resurrection.^[1]

It remained as the sequence for the Requiem Mass in the Roman Missal of 1962 (the last edition before the Second Vatican Council) and so is still heard in churches where the Tridentine Latin liturgy is celebrated.

The "Dies Irae" is still suggested in the Liturgy of the Hours for the Office of the Dead and during last week before Advent as the opening hymn for the Office of Readings, Lauds and Vespers (divided into three parts).^[2]

[edit] The Poem

The Latin text is taken from the Requiem Mass in the 1962 Roman Missal. The English version below was translated by William Josiah Irons in 1849 and appears in the English Missal. Note that the below translation is not literal, but modified to fit the rhyme and meter.

The poem appears complete as it stands at this point. Some scholars question whether the remainder is an addition made in order to suit the great poem for liturgical use, for the last stanzas discard the consistent scheme of triple rhymes in favor of rhymed couplets, while the last two lines abandon rhyme for assonance and are, moreover, catalectic: (this information is questionable. Editors at this point have actually offered this piece at a genuine requiem - it is sung, it is true, it is appropriate... Dona eis requiem.)

In 1970 the Dies Iræ was removed from the Missal and since 1971 it is proposed ad libitum as a hymn for the Liturgy of the Hours at the Office of Readings, Lauds and Vespers. For this purpose stanza 19 was deleted and the poem divided into three sections: 1-6 (for the Office of Readings), 7-12 (for Lauds) and 13-18 (for Vespers. In addition Qui Mariam absolvisti in stanza 13 was replaced by Peccatricem qui solvisti so that that line would now mean, "You who freed the sinful woman". In addition a doxology is given after stanzas 6, 12 and 18:^[2]

[edit] Inspiration and other translations

A major inspiration of the hymn seems to have come from the Vulgate translation of Zephaniah 1:15–16:

Dies iræ, dies illa, dies tribulationis et angustiæ, dies calamitatis et miseriæ, dies tenebrarum et caliginis, dies nebulæ et turbinis, dies tubæ et clangoris super civitates munitas et super angulos excelsos.

That day is a day of wrath, a day of tribulation and distress, a day of calamity and misery, a day of darkness and obscurity, a day of clouds and whirlwinds, a day of the trumpet and alarm against the fenced cities, and against the high bulwarks. (Douai Bible)

Other images come from Revelation 20:11–15 (the book from which the world will be judged), Matthew 25:31–46 (sheep and goats, right hand, contrast between the blessed and the accursed doomed to flames), 1 Thessalonians 4:16 (trumpet), 2 Peter 3:7 (heaven and earth burnt by fire), Luke 21:26–27 ("men fainting with fear ... they will see the Son of Man coming"), etc.

From the Jewish liturgy, the prayer Unetanneh Tokef also appears to have been a source: "We shall ascribe holiness to this day, For it is awesome and terrible"; "the great trumpet is sounded", etc.

A number of English translations of the poem have been written and proposed for liturgical use. A Franciscan version can be read here. A very loose Protestant version was made by John Newton; it opens:

Day of judgment! Day of wonders!

Hark! the trumpet's awful sound,

Louder than a thousand thunders,

Shakes the vast creation round!

How the summons wilt the sinner's heart confound!

Jan Kasprowicz, a Polish poet, wrote a hymn entitled Dies irae which describes the Judgement day. The first six lines (two stanzas) follow the original hymn's meter and rhyme structure, and the first stanza translates to "The trumpet will cast a wondrous sound".

The American writer Ambrose Bierce published a satiric version of the poem in his 1903 book Shapes of Clay, preserving the original metre but using humorous and sardonic language; for example, the second verse is rendered:

Ah! what terror shall be shaping

When the Judge the truth's undraping -

Cats from every bag escaping!

[edit] Manuscript sources

The oldest text of the sequence is found, with slight verbal variations, in a 13th century manuscript in the Biblioteca Nazionale at Naples. It is a Franciscan calendar missal that must date between 1253–1255 for it does not contain the name of Clare of Assisi, who was canonized in 1255, and whose name would have been inserted if the manuscript were of later date.

[edit] Musical settings

The hymn music, with the words of the first stanza, is provided here:

The words have often been set to music as part of the Requiem service, originally as a sombre plainchant. It also formed part of the traditional Catholic liturgy of All Souls Day. Music for the Requiem mass has been composed by many composers, including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Hector Berlioz, Giuseppe Verdi, and Igor Stravinsky. The setting by Mozart, especially the first two stanzas (Requiem, 2nd Movement), is often heard in the scores of movies and the musical "beds" of commercials (e.g. X2: X-Men United).

The traditional Gregorian melody has also been quoted in a number of other classical compositions, among them:

• Thomas Adès Living Toys
• Mark Alburger Aerial Requiem, Street Songs, Deploration Passacaglias, and Diabolic Variations.
• Charles-Valentin Alkan Symphony for Solo Piano, Souvenirs Trois Morceaux dans le genre pathetique, Op. 15 - Morte
• Hector Berlioz Symphonie Fantastique
• Andrew Boysen Grant Them Eternal Rest (throughout)
• Johannes Brahms Klavierstück op. 118/6
• Benjamin Britten War Requiem
• Antoine Brumel Dies Irae
• Iva Boulanger Funerailles du Soldat
• Elliott Carter In Sleep, In Thunder, #4
• Dan Cavanagh A Time of Reckoning
• Marc-Antoine Charpentier Grand Office des Morts
• George Crumb Black Angels, Makrokosmos Volume II, Star Child
• Luigi Dallapiccola Luigi Canti Di Prigiona
• Michael Daugherty Metropolis Symphony 4th mvmt, “Red Cape Tango”. Dead Elvis
• Raymond Deane Seachanges
• Ernő Dohnányi Eb minor Piano Rhapsody, Op. 11, No. 4
• Antonín Dvořák Symphony No. 7 in D minor, mvmt 1
• Martin Ellerby Paris Sketches, mvmt 3
• Antonio Estevez - La Cantata Criolla
• Jean Françaix Cinq poemes de Charles d'Orléans
• Diamanda Galás Masque Of The Red Death: Part I - Divine Punishment & Saint Of The Pit: Track 5. Heautontimorounenos (Restless Souls)
• Roberto Gerhard Piano Concerto
• Alexander Glazunov Moyen Age
• Leopold Godowsky Piano Sonata in E Minor, mvmt 5
• Berthold Goldschmidt Beatrice Cenci opera
• Charles Gounod Faust Opera, Act IV
• Joseph Haydn Symphony No. 103, "The Drumroll"
• Vagn Holmboe Symphony #10, 1st & 4th mvmts, Symphony #11, 1st mvmt
• Arthur Honegger La Danse des Morts
• Gottfried Huppertz Score for Metropolis
• Karl Jenkins Requiem
• Miloslav Kabeláč Symphony No. 8 Antiphonies
• Aram Khachaturian Symphony #2 The Bell Symphony, Spartak
• Krzysztof Kicior Visions Reflexives
• György Ligeti Le Grand Macabre
• Franz Liszt Dante Symphony, Totentanz
• Charles Martin Loeffler One Who Fell in Battle, Rhapsodies for oboe, viola, and piano, 1st movement, and several songs
• Gustav Mahler Symphony No. 2, mvmt 1, 3, and 5
• Bohuslav Martinu Concerto for Cello and Orchestra No. 2, final movement.
• Nikolai Medtner Piano Quintet in C Major, Op. Posthumous
• Nikolai Myaskovsky Piano Sonata #2, Symphony #6
• Modest Mussorgsky Night on Bald Mountain, Songs and Dances of Death
• Carl Orff Carmina Burana
• Krzysztof Penderecki Dies Irae
• Jubilaeum Super Mutationes op. 50 ????
• Ildebrando Pizzetti Requiem, Assassinio nella cattedrale
• Sergei Rachmaninoff Études-Tableaux, Op. 39, No. 2, Isle of the Dead, Prelude in e minor, Op. 32 #4, Piano Sonata no.1 in d minor Op. 28, Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, Symphonic Dances, Symphony No. 1, Symphony No. 2 Symphony No. 3, The Bells
• Ottorino Respighi Brazilian Impressions
• Marcel Rubin Symphony #4, 2nd mvmt (Dies Irae)
• Camille Saint-Saëns Danse Macabre, Requiem, Symphony No. 3 ("Organ Symphony")
• Aulis Sallinen Aulis Dies Irae, Op. 47
• Juelz Santana The Second Coming
• Ernest Schelling Impressions from an Artist's Life
• Peter Schickele Unbegun Symphony
• William Schmidt - Tuba mirum
• Alfred Schnittke Symphony #1, mvmt 4
• Dmitri Shostakovich Music for Hamlet, Symphony No. 14
• Jean Sibelius Lemminkäinen Suite
• Stephen Sondheim Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street "The Ballad of Sweeney Todd".^[3]
• Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji, Cyclic Sequence on Dies Irae (from Mass), Variations and Triple Fugue on Dies Irae
• Ronald Stevenson Passacaglia on DSCH (1962-3)
• Richard Strauss Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks, Dance of the Seven Veils from Salome
• Igor Stravinsky The Rite of Spring (sacrifice intro); Three pieces for String Quartet (III, "Canticle"); L'Histoire du Soldat
• Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Grand Sonata, Op. 37; Manfred Symphony; Modern Greek Song, Op. 16 #6; Marche Funebre, Op. 21, #4, Suite No. 3 Op. 55
• Frank Ticheli Vesuvius
• Ralph Vaughan Williams, Five Tudor Portraits
• Adrian Williams Dies Irae
• James Yannatos Trinity Mass
• Eugène Ysaÿe Sonata in A minor, Op. 27, No. 2 (Obsession)

[edit] References in popular culture

The melody has also been referenced in popular culture:

The 18th stanza is sung at the end of the song "Lacrimosa," by Regina Spektor, on her album "Songs."

The melody was used by Ernest Gold in the opening credits for the horror movie The Screaming Skull.

The first two lines of the first stanza are sung at the end of the song "Far åt Helvete" by the Swedish folk metal band Thyrfing on their album "Farsotstider."

Wendy Carlos used the melody in the opening credits sequence to her score to Stanley Kubrick's "The Shining".

The melody is played in the 1992 video game Fatal Fury 2 from SNK, as theme for the last opponent of the game, Wolfgang Krauser, a German character with several references to Mozart, such as the first name. It's also played in other SNK games where Krauser appears, like Fatal Fury Special and The King of Fighters '96, always as the theme for Krauser.

The first 8 notes are quoted (the last two reduced to eighth notes and the last one raised one tone) as the character Kate's leitmotif in the television serial Lost, composed by Michael Giacchino.

The tune is parodied in the main theme of the movie It's A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.

Some Euronews viewers argue that their News block introduction tune (after June 2008 rebranding) very much resembling Dies Irae.

The musical Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street contains several variations of the Dies Irae throughout its score, most notably in the recurrent "Ballad of Sweeney Todd", and as part of the underscoring in the climactic "Epiphany".

A variation of the melody has also been used in the computer/video game Onimusha 3: Demon Siege, as the theme tune for the villain Guildenstern.

A variation of the poem was used by Steve Jablonsky for the theme of the Decepticons for the 2007 film Transformers.

Some verses from The Poem are used by funeral doom, gothic, gregorian band Virgin Black, in their song called "Domine".

The melody as used in Symphonie Fantastique is used to begin The Second Coming by Juelz Santana. The song was prominently used in Nike basketball commercials.

The melody is played almost in its entirety during the opening credits of the computer game Still Life.

The melody is used in the Dreamworks movie The Road to El Dorado as the motiff for the explorer Hernán Cortés.

Variations of the Dies Irae are frequently heard in the music for the television show Lost.

The song is used as the Death Note's theme in the popular Japanese Show Death Note.

The song is frequently heard during the movie Battle Royale.

[edit] Literary references

• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe used the first, the sixth and the seventh stanza of the hymn in the scene "Cathedral" in the first part of his drama Faust (1808).
• Italian poet Giuseppe Giusti composed in 1835 the satirical poem Il "Dies iræ" on the occasion of the death of Francis II, Emperor of Austria.
• Oscar Wilde composed a Sonnet on Hearing the Dies Irae Sung in the Sistine Chapel, contrasting the "terrors of red flame and thundering" depicted in the hymn with images of "life and love".
• Ambrose Bierce wrote a poem titled A day of wrath which, while following the structure of the hymn, gives a very free interpretation of it.^[4]
• A chapter of Giovanni Papini's autobiography Un uomo finito (1912) is titled "Dies Irae".
• T. S. Eliot used Dies Irae in the final part of Murder in the Cathedral (1935) just before the assassination of Archbishop Thomas Becket. It is to be sung in Latin by a distant choir.
• General Sir John Hackett used the title Dies Irae for chapter one of his novel The Third World War: The Untold Story (1982).
• Kurt Vonnegut wrote Stones, Time, & Elements - A Humanist Requiem in opposition to the classical Requiem and in particular to the "Dies Irae", which he found "vengeful and sadistic" (and mistakenly reputed a "piece of poetry by committee from the Council of Trent"). His Requiem was set to music by Edgar David Grana.
• Jonathon Larson used the first four words of Dies Irae in the song "La Vie Boheme," from the musical RENT, spoken by philosophy scholar Tom Collins and songwriter Roger Davis.
• Anne Rice used the first stanza and first line of the second stanza in her novel, The Vampire Armand (1998), with a slightly different translation than given above.
• In the fiction for Warhammer 40,000 an Imperator Titan is named Dies Irae.
• The 19th stanza (except for the word 'Amen') is used in two parts of Monty Python and the Holy Grail: the burn the witch scene and the Holy Hand Grenade scene.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Appearance of Dies Irae in the street art of Kurt Wenner.
• Dies Iræ -- two Latin versions and a literal English translation