Funktionel gruppe
Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi
I kemi er en funktionel gruppe den del af et molekyle som bestemmer molekylets kemiske egenskaber og dermed hvilke reaktioner molekylet kan deltage i. Et molekyle kan indeholde mere end en funtionel gruppe, eller slet ingen.
| Klasse | Gruppe | Formel | Strukturformel | Præfiks | Suffiks | Eksempel |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acylhalid (syreklorid) | Haloformyl | RCOX |  |
haloformyl- | -oylhalid |  Acetylklorid (Ethanoylklorid) |
| Alkohol | Hydroxyl | ROH | -skeletal.png/75px-Alcohol-(general)-skeletal.png) |
hydroxy- | -ol |  Methanol |
| Aldehyd | Aldehyd | RCHO |  |
oxo- | -al |  Acetaldehyd (Ethanal) |
| Alkan | Alkyl | RH | -skeletal.png/75px-Alkyl-(general)-skeletal.png){kind=small} |
alkyl- | -an |  Methan |
| Alken | Alkenyl | R2C=CR2 | -skeletal.png/75px-Alkene-(general)-skeletal.png) |
alkenyl- | -en |  Ethylen (Ethen) |
| Alkyn | Alkynyl | RC≡CR' | -skeletal.png/100px-Alkyne-(general)-skeletal.png){kind=small} |
alkynyl- | -yn |  Acetylen (Ethyn) |
| Amid | Carboxamid | RCONR2 | -skeletal.png/75px-Amide-(tertiary)-skeletal.png) |
carboxamido- | -amid |  Acetamid (Ethanamid) |
| Aminer | Primær amin | RNH2 |  |
amino- | -amin |  Methylamin (Methanamin) |
| Sekundær amin | R2NH | .png/75px-Amine-(secondary).png) |
amino- | -amin |  Dimethylamin |
|
| Tertiær amin | R3N | .png/75px-Amine-(tertiary).png) |
amino- | -amin |  Trimethylamin |
|
| Kvarternær ammoniumkation | R4N+ |  |
ammonio- | -ammonium |  Kolin |
|
| Azoforbindelse | Azo (Diimid) |
RN2R' |  |
azo- | -diazen |  Methylorange (p-dimethylamino- azobenzensulfonsyre) |
| Toluenderivater | Benzyl | RCH2C6H5 RBn |
 |
benzyl- | 1-(substituent)toluen |  Benzylbromid (1-Bromtoluen) |
| Carbonat | Carbonatester | ROCOOR |  |
alkyl carbonat | ||
| Carboxylat | Carboxylat | RCOO− | 
|
carboxy- | -oat |  Natriumacetat (Natriumethanoat) |
| Carboxylsyre | Carboxyl | RCOOH |  |
carboxy- | -(carboxyl)syre |  Eddikesyre (Ethansyre) |
| Cyanater | Cyanat | ROCN |  |
cyanato- | alkyl cyanat | |
| Thiocyanat | RSCN |  |
thiocyanato- | alkyl thiocyanat | ||
| Æter | Æter | ROR' | .png/75px-Ether-(general).png){kind=small} |
alkoxy- | alkyl-alkyl-æter |  Diætylæter (Ethoxyethan) |
| Ester | Ester | RCOOR' |  |
alkyl-alkanoate |  Ætylbutyrat (Ætylbutanoat) |
|
| Haloalkan | Halo | RX |  |
halo- | alkylhalid |  Chlorethan (Ætylklorid) |
| Hydroperoxid | Hydroperoxy | ROOH |  |
hydroperoxy- | alkylhydroperoxid |  Methylethylketonperoxid |
| Imin | Primær ketimin | RC(=NH)R' | -skeletal.png/75px-Imine-(primary)-skeletal.png) |
imino- | -imin | |
| Sekundær ketimin | RC(=NR)R' | -skeletal.png/75px-Imine-(secondary)-skeletal.png) |
imino- | -imin | ||
| Primær aldimin | RC(=NH)H | -skeletal.png/75px-Aldimine-(primary)-skeletal.png) |
imino- | -imin | ||
| Sekundær aldimin | RC(=NR')H | -skeletal.png/75px-Aldimine-(secondary)-skeletal.png) |
imino- | -imin | ||
| Isocyanid | Isocyanid | RNC | isocyano- | alkylisocyanid | ||
| Isocyanater | Isocyanat | RNCO |  |
isocyanato- | alkylisocyanat |  Methylisocyanat |
| Isothiocyanat | RNCS |  |
isothiocyanato- | alkylisothiocyanat |  Allylisothiocyanat |
|
| Keton | Keton | RCOR' |  |
keto-, oxo- | -on |  Methylethylketon (Butanon) |
| Nitrat | Nitrat | RONO2 |  |
nitrooxy-, nitroxy- |
alkylnitrat |
 Amylnitrat (1-nitrooxypentan) |
| Nitril | Nitril | RCN | -skeletal.png/75px-Nitrile-(general)-skeletal.png){kind=small} |
cyano- |
alkannitril |
 Benzonitril (Phenylcyanid) |
| Nitrit | Nitrosooxy | RONO |  |
nitrosooxy- |
alkylnitrit |
 Amylnitrit (3-methyl-1-nitrosooxybutan) |
| Nitroforbindelse | Nitro | RNO2 |  |
nitro- |  Nitromethan |
|
| Nitrosoforbindelse | Nitroso | RNO |  |
nitroso- |  Nitrosobenzen |
|
| Peroxid | Peroxy | ROOR |  |
peroxy- | alkylperoxid |  Di-tert-butylperoxid |
| Benzenderivater | Phenyl | RC6H5 |  |
phenyl- | -benzen |  Cumene (2-phenylpropan) |
| Fosfin | Fosfino | R3P |  |
phosphino- | -phosphan |  Methylpropylphosphan |
| Fosfodiester | Fosfat | HOPO(OR)2 |  |
fosforsyre- di(substituent)ester |
di(substituent)- hydrogenfosfat |
DNA |
| Phosphonic acid | Phosphono | RP(=O)(OH)2 |  |
phosphono- | substituent phosphonic acid |  Benzylphosphonic acid |
| Fosfat | Fosfat | ROP(=O)(OH)2 |  |
phospho- |  Glyceraldehyd-3-fosfat |
|
| Pyridinderivater | Pyridyl | RC5H4N |
|
4-pyridyl |
-pyridin |  Nicotin |
| Sulfid | RSR' |  |
di(substituent)sulfid |  Dimethylsulfid |
||
| Sulfon | Sulfonyl | RSO2R' |  |
sulfonyl- | di(substituent)- sulfon |
 Dimethylsulfon (Methylsulfonylmethan) |
| Sulfonsyre | Sulfo | RSO3H |  |
sulfo- | substituent- sulfonsyre |
 Benzensulfonsyre |
| Sulfoxid | Sulfinyl | RSOR' |  |
sulfinyl- | di(substituent)- sulfoxid |
 Difenylsulfoxid |
| Thiol | Sulfhydryl | RSH |  |
mercapto-, sulfanyl- | -thiol |  Ethanthiol (Ethylmercaptan) |
 |
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