Iodine deficiency
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| Iodine deficiency Classification and external resources |
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| ICD-10 | E00. - E02. |
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| DiseasesDB | 6933 |
| eMedicine | med/1187 |
Iodine is an essential trace element; the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine contain iodine. In areas where there is little iodine in the diet—typically remote inland areas where no marine foods are eaten—iodine deficiency gives rise to goiter (so-called endemic goitre), as well as cretinism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems.
In some such areas, this is now combatted by the addition of small amounts of iodine to table salt in form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide, potassium iodate—this product is known as iodized salt. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foodstuffs, such as flour, water and milk in areas of deficiency[1]. Seaweed is also a well known source of iodine[2]. Thus iodine deficiency is more common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in soil poor in iodine.
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[edit] Goitre
Low amounts of thyroid hormones in the blood, due to lack of iodine to make them, give rise to high levels of the pituitary hormone TSH, which in turn stimulate abnormal growth of the thyroid gland, sometimes causing goitres. Iodized salt and other sources of iodine in the diet has eliminated this condition in many affluent countries, however there are a number of European countries, Australia, and New Zealand where iodine deficiency is a significant public health problem [3]. However, it is still common in poorer nations. Also, treatment for conditions such as hypertension proscribe the excessive intake of salt and prescribe the use of a salt substitute.
[edit] Cretinism
Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of mental retardation, producing typical reductions in IQ of 10 to 15 IQ points. It has been speculated that deficiency of iodine and other micronutrients may be a possible factor in observed differences in IQ between ethnic groups: see race and intelligence for a further discussion of this controversial issue.
Cretinism is a condition associated with iodine deficiency and goitre, commonly characterised by mental deficiency, deaf-mutism, squint, disorders of stance and gait, stunted growth and hypothyroidism. Paracelsus was the first to point out the relation between goitrous parents and mentally retarded children.[citation needed] As a result of restricted diet, isolation, intermarriage, etc., as well as low iodine content in their food, children often had peculiar stunted bodies and retarded mental faculties, a condition later known to be associated with thyroid deficiency. Diderot in his 1754 Encyclopédie described these patiens as "crétins". In French, the term "crétin des Alpes" also became current, since the condition was observed in remote valleys of the Alps in particular. The word cretin appeared in English in 1779.
[edit] Local impact
Certain areas of the world, due to natural deficiency and governmental inaction, are severely affected by iodine deficiency, which affects approximately two billion people worldwide. It is particularly common in the Netherlands, Western Pacific, South-East Asia and Africa.
India is the most outstanding, with 500 million suffering from deficiency, 54 million from goitre, and two million from cretinism.[citation needed]
Among other nations affected by iodine deficiency, China and Kazakhstan have begun taking action, while Russia has not. Successful campaigns for the adoption of the use of iodized salt require education and regulation of salt producers and sellers and a communication campaign directed at the public, the salt trade, politicians and policy makers. The cost of adding iodine to salt is negligible. [4]
Iodine deficiency has largely been confined to the developing world for several generations, but reductions in salt consumption and changes in dairy processing practices eliminating the use of iodine-based disinfectants have led to increasing prevalence of the condition in Australia and New Zealand in recent years. A proposal to mandate the use of iodized salt in most commercial breadmaking is expected to be adopted in 2009 [5] [6].
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ François Delange, Basil Hetzel. The Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Thyroid Disease Manager.
- ^ Iodine in Seaweed
- ^ Andersson M, Takkouche B, Egli I, Allen HE, de Benoist B (2005). "Current global iodine status and progress over the last decade towards the elimination of iodine deficiency". Bull. World Health Organ. 83 (7): 518–25. PMID 16175826.
- ^ "In Raising the World’s I.Q., the Secret's in the Salt", article by Donald G. McNeil, Jr., December 16, 2006, New York Times
- ^ "Iodine plan no help for mums-to-be", article appearing in April 23, 2008, from Herald-Sun
- ^ "Nutritionist supports switch to iodised bread, article by Rebecca Gardiner, April 3, 2008, Howick and Pakuranga Times
[edit] External links
- International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders
- Iodine: The Universal Nutrient Article
- IodineSource
- Orthoiodosupplementation
- Iodine and the Body
- Iodine - Special Topics
- Can Africa meet the goal of eliminating iodine-deficiency disorders by the year 2000?
- Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency
- [1] Goiter and Other Iodine Deficiency Disorders: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies to Deconstruct the Complex Web
Archives of Medical Research, Volume 38, Issue 1, January 2007, Pages 1-14. Atul Kotwal, Ritu Priya and Imrana Qadeer.
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