運動畫刊
维基百科，自由的百科全书
運動畫刊（Sports Illustrated）是由媒體巨擘時代華納所擁有的美國體育週刊。擁有超過300萬的訂戶，每個禮拜2300萬成人的閱讀量，在美國包括超過1300萬、19%的男性。是第一個獲得美國國家雜誌獎的卓越表現獎兩次的雜誌中，超過百萬流通量的。
它的泳裝特刊（Swimsuit Issue），從1964年發行以來，已變成年度的活動，發行自己的電視節目、影視產品以及月曆。
目录 |
[编辑] 歷史
另外兩個名稱也是運動畫刊(Sports Illustrated)的雜誌在1930、1940年代創刊，不過不久後迅速失敗。事實上，美國當時並沒有一本全國性的體育雜誌，時代雜誌的創辦人亨利‧魯斯(Henry Luce)注意到這個問題，並且考慮填補這個空白。在當時，許多人認為體育是在嚴肅的新聞事業之下，並且不認為光是體育的內容可以填滿一本雜誌，特別是在冬天的時候。魯斯收到許多意見，其中包括生活雜誌(Life Magazine)的厄爾斯特‧海夫曼(Ernest Havemann,)，都嘗試阻止這個計畫，但不是運動迷的魯斯卻在這個時間點作了正確的決定。
在想要花20萬美元買下「運動」做為雜誌名稱的行動失敗後，他們僅用1萬美元買下「運動畫刊」（Sporst Illustrated原意為運動議題）替代。雜誌的目標是"能成為那本運動雜誌，而不只是一本運動雜誌。"（"Not A sports magazine, but THE sports magazine."）
[编辑] 歷史
兩本同樣名為運動畫刊在1930年代及1940年代創刊，不過它們很快完結。事實上，當時並沒有全國性的綜合體育雜誌 with a national following when TIME patriarch Henry Luce began considering whether his company should attempt to fill the gap. At the time, many believed sports was beneath the attention of serious journalism and didn't think sports news could fill a weekly magazine, 尤其在冬季。A number of advisers to Luce, including Life Magazine's Ernest Havemann, tried to kill the idea, but Luce不是體育愛好者，decided the time was right.[1]
After unsuccessfully offering $200,000 to buy the name Sport for the new magazine, they acquired the rights to the name 「運動畫刊」 instead for just $10,000. The goal of the new magazine was to be "not A sports magazine, but THE sports magazine.1954年8月16日刊行，it was not profitable and not particularly well run at first, but Luce's timing could not have been better. The popularity of spectator sports in the United States was about to explode, and that popularity came to be driven largely by three things:
- economic prosperity
- television, and
- Sports Illustrated.
The early issues of the magazine seemed caught between two opposing views of its audience. Much of the subject matter was directed at upper class activities (yachting, polo, and even safaris), but upscale would-be advertisers were unconvinced that sports fans were a significant part of their market.[2]
[编辑] Innovations
From the start, however, Sports Illustrated did introduce a number of innovations that are generally taken for granted today:
- Liberal use of color photos - though the six-week lead time initially meant they were unable to depict timely subject matter
- 球探報告 - 包括世界大賽預測及新年美式足球杯賽情報。
- 深入報導 由編輯Robert Creamer, Tex Maule及Dan Jenkins等人的詳盡篇幅。
1956年Luce詢問時代集團senior European Correspondent André Laguerre to come to New York and help define the magazine's character. Many of the staff had serious擔心英國出生的法國人對北美體育並不熟悉，but Laguerre won them over, and during his term as Managing Editor (1960 - 1974), SI became a model for other middle-class American magazines. Its writers developed their own characteristic style by daring to tell people what was important. Many would say that the magazine legitimized sports -- and being a sports fan -- for a huge segment of the American population. The steady creation of landmark stories (e.g., "The Black Athlete - A Shameful Story" by Jack Olsen and "Paper Lion" by George Plimpton) showed that sports fans could be readers, and a generation of sportswriters patterned their own writing after what they read in SI.[3]
[编辑] 彩色印刷
雜誌的攝影師also made their mark with innovations like putting cameras in the goal at a hockey game and behind a glass backboard at a 棒球比賽。 In 1965, offset printing began to allow the color pages of the magazine to be printed overnight, not only producing crisper and brighter images, but also finally enabling the editors to merge the best color with the latest news. By 1967, the magazine was printing 200 pages of "fast color" a year; in 1983, SI成為全美首本全彩印刷的雜誌。 An intense rivalry developed between photographers, particularly Walter Iooss and Neil Leifer, to get a decisive cover shot that would be on newsstands and in mailboxes only a few days later.[4]
1970年代後期及1980年代早期，during Gil Rogin's term as Managing Editor, the feature stories of Frank Deford became the magazine's anchor. "Bonus pieces" on Pete Rozelle, Bear Bryant, Howard Cosell and others became some of the most quoted sources about these figures, and Deford established a reputation as one of the best writers of the time.[5]
[编辑] Creative decline
After the death of Henry Luce in 1967, the creative freedom that the staff had enjoyed seemed to diminish. By the 1980s and 1990年代, the magazine had become more profitable than ever, but many also believed it had become more predictable. Mark Mulvoy was the first top editor whose background contained nothing but sports; he had grown up as one of the magazine's readers, but he had no interest in fiction, movies, hobbies or history. Mulvoy's top writer Rick Reilly had also been raised on SI and followed in the footsteps of many of the great writers that he grew up admiring, but many felt that the magazine as a whole came to reflect Mulvoy's complete lack of sophistication. Mulvoy also hired the current creative director Steven Hoffman. Critics said that it rarely broke (or even featured) stories on the major controversies in sports (drugs, violence, commercialism) any more, and that it focused on major sports and celebrities to the exclusion of other topics. The proliferation of "commemorative issues" and crass subscription incentives seemed to some like an exchange of journalistic integrity for commercial opportunism. More importantly, perhaps, many feel that 24-hour-a-day cable sports television networks and sports news web sites have forever diminished the role a weekly publication can play in today's world, and that it is unlikely any magazine will ever again achieve the level of prominence that SI once had.[6]
[编辑] 年度最佳運動員
自1954年創刊以來，運動畫刊雜誌頒發年度最佳運動員獎給予"the athlete or team whose performance that year most embodies the spirit of sportsmanship and achievement." Roger Bannister won the first ever Sportsman of the year award thanks to his record breaking time of 3:59.4 for a mile (the first ever time a mile had been run under four minutes)。
[编辑] 封面帶來的詛咒
- 當美國聯棒大聯盟球員Eddie Mathews成為第一期的封面人物後。一個星期後遭到傷患困擾，錯失了七場比賽。「運動畫刊詛咒」因而誕生。
- January 31, 1955 - The week that an issue featuring her was on the stands, skier Jill Kinmont struck a tree during a practice run and was paralyzed from the neck down.
- 1957年11月18日奧克拉荷馬大學贏得連續47場大學美式足球比賽，是當時最長的連勝記錄。封面大字標題寫著「為什麼奧克拉荷馬是無法打敗？」。不過在下一場比賽被聖母大學所擊敗。此外聖母大學在1953年是奧克拉荷馬取得47連勝前最後一次擊敗他們的球隊。
- 1958年5月26日 - SI's 1958 Indianapolis 500 preview issue featured Pat O'Connor, who was killed in a 15-car pileup during the first lap of the race.
- 1961年2月13日 - Laurence Owen was billed as "America's Most Exciting Girl Skater." Two days after the cover date, Owen and the rest of the United States figure skating team perished in a plane crash. The International Skating Union cancels the 1961 World Championships as a result.
- 1970年12月14日，德州奧斯汀大學當時10勝0負以及有連勝30場的記錄 有連勝30場的記錄，在棉花碗的比賽出現9次漏接以11-24負於聖母大學。
- 1987年4月6日- 1986年球季的印地安人隊取得86勝，封面是印地安人隊打者Joe Carter和Cory Snyder。and carried the words "INDIAN UPRISING" and the sub-headline,「相信吧！克里夫蘭印地安人是美國聯盟最佳球隊。」最終印地安人隊最終成績是101敗，retaining their own curse, the Curse of Rocky Colavito.
- October 5, 1987 - Lloyd Moseby of the Toronto Blue Jays appears on the cover, with the words "Toronto Takes Off -- Lloyd Moseby and the Jays soar past the Tigers." When the magazine came out, the Jays were 3 1/2 games ahead of the Tigers, with seven games remaining. The Blue Jays went on to lose all seven. Detroit swept Toronto the last three games of the season, all by one run, and won the division by one game. In 2006, the Sports Illustrated website named this the third-biggest late-season collapse in baseball all-time, illustrating the story with an image of this cover.
- November 30, 1987 - A cover illustrating the victory of the then-#2 Oklahoma Sooners over the #1 Nebraska Cornhuskers lauded Oklahoma and featured Oklahoma's Charles Thompson on the cover. On February 27, 1989, Thompson again appeared on the cover: this time in handcuffs and a prison jumpsuit after his arrest on suspicion of dealing cocaine (he was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison). The article accused head coach Barry Switzer's Sooner program as being out-of-control, and Switzer resigned soon afterwards.
- 19899月4日 - Major League Baseball Commissioner Bart Giamatti's words about Pete Rose appeared on the cover，在那星期，Giamatti死於心臟病。
- 1994年10月31日 - 由於大聯盟球員罷工的關係，日本大賽取代了 美國職棒大聯盟世界大賽. A picture of a Seibu Lions pitcher in demolishing the Yomiuri Giants, 11-0, in Game 1 is shown from October 22. 該期在10月25日發行，10月29日，巨人隊在系列賽中以六場比賽擊敗對手。
- 1995年6月5日 - 三天後his appearance，舊金山巨人三壘手 Matt Williams，是國家聯盟全壘打、打擊率及打點領先球員，不過因為打投出來的球擊中了右腳，停賽了兩個半月。
- 2001年3月5日 Within a week after Nomar Garciaparra's cover appearance , it was announced that he had torn a tendon in his hand, forcing the Red Sox shortstop to miss all but 21 games of the 2001 season.
- 2003年11月16日 - Peter King編寫一篇堪薩斯城酋長9勝0負的成績（當時）。在下一個星期after wide reciever Chad Johnson declared the Cincinnati Bengals were going to beat the Chiefs, the Chiefs suffered their first loss of the season. The Chiefs made went on to win the AFC West with a 13-3 record and gain home-field advantage in the playoffs, but lost in the Divisional Playoff game against the Indianapolis Colts. The Kansas City press and fans soon declared that King jinxed the Chiefs' hopes of glory that season.
While the list of "examples" of the jinx is extensive, an individual record 49 cover appearances by Michael Jordan, team record 61 covers by the New York Yankees, and school record of 105 covers by the UCLA Bruins [1] have not hindered their success.
2002年其中一期，封面標題寫關於它們帶來的詛咒，封面是一隻黑貓。聖路易斯公羊四分衛Kurt Warner想與黑貓一起登上封面，但遭雜誌拒絕。結果公羊隊連勝兩場，成為國聯會的冠軍。
[编辑] 作者
- Marty Burns
- Jack McCallum
- Frank Deford
- Gary Smith
- Peter King
- Arash Markazi
- Rick Reilly
- Phil Taylor
- Gary Van Sickle
- Tom Verducci
- Paul Zimmerman
- Ed Hinton (1995-2000)
- Steve Rushin
- Steve Hofstetter
[编辑] 副產品
運動畫刊 has helped launched a number of related publishing ventures, including:
- 運動畫刊兒童版 （印刷數95萬）
- 1989年1月首度發行
- Won the "Distinguished Achievement for Excellence in Educational Publishing" award 11 times
- Won the "Parents' Choice Magazine Award" 7 times
- Sports Illustrated Almanac annuals
- 1991年設立
- Yearly compilation of sports news and statistics in book form
- SI.com體育新聞網站
- 1997年6月17日啟用
- 雜誌網路版本及CNN.com體育新聞。
- Sports Illustrated Women magazine（最高銷量達40萬本）
- 2000年3月首度發行
- 2002年12月因缺乏廣告而停刊
- Sports Illustrated on Campus雜誌
- 2003年9月4日發行
- 以學校運動員及針對校際比賽有興趣的讀者。
- 在72所校園免費派發。
- 超過100萬18至24歲讀者。
- 由於廣告甚少，2005年12月停止發售。
[编辑] 腳註
- ^ (MacCambridge 1997, pp. 17-25).
- ^ (MacCambridge 1997, pp. 6, 27, 42).
- ^ (MacCambridge 1997, pp. 5-8, 160).
- ^ (MacCambridge 1997, pp. 108-111, 139-141, 149-151, 236).
- ^ (MacCambridge 1997, pp. 236-238).
- ^ (MacCambridge 1997, pp. 8-9, 268-273, 354-358, 394-398, 402-405).
[编辑] 參考資料
- MacCambridge, Michael (1997), The Franchise: A History of Sports Illustrated Magazine, Hyperion Press, ISBN 0-7868-6216-5 [March 15, 2004].
