破壞挪威德軍重水廠

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Template:Scandinavia in World War II

The Vemork hydroelectric plant as it looks today. The heavy water was produced in a building (the Hydrogen Production Plant) to the front of the building in the picture and has since been demolished

破壞挪威德軍重水廠行动 The Norwegian heavy water sabotage 是挪威反抗軍在第二次世界大戰中的一連串旨在破壞德國核能源計劃的特工滲透與軍事行動的总称。由于当时纳粹德国设在挪威的重水工厂已经提炼出了用于制造核武器的重水，这一系列行动的功绩显得尤为突出。

Between 1942 and 1944 a sequence of sabotage actions by the Norwegian resistance movement, as well as Allied bombing, ensured the destruction of the plant and the loss of the heavy water produced. These operations — codenamed "Freshman", "Grouse" and "Gunnerside" — finally managed to knock the plant out of production in early 1943, basically ending the German research.

The raid was later dubbed by the British SOE as the most successful act of sabotage in all of World War II.

[编辑] 科技背景

When Nazi Germany investigated the possibility of building an atomic bomb, a range of potential paths forward became clear. Details of how the decision to go down the heavy water route was made are likely to remain somewhat obscure but, although unsuccessful, it was based on what was later demonstrated to be a technically viable approach:

Plutonium-239 (²³⁹Pu) makes an effective weapons material.
Heavy water has been demonstrated as an effective moderator for ²³⁹Pu production.
Heavy water may be separated from regular water by electrolysis.

[编辑] 接近發展中武器

在核武研究上，the main problem is securing sufficient "weapons grade" material, in particular the fissile isotopes of either uranium-235 (²³⁵U) or ²³⁹Pu. In order to produce weapons grade uranium, one may elect to extract uranium from natural ore and enrich it. Alternately one can "breed" plutonium in a nuclear reactor using unenriched uranium as a fuel and then chemically separate the ²³⁹Pu produced. Unlike the Allies, who chose to pursue both the enrichment of uranium and production of plutonium in reactors, German scientists elected to focus on plutonium production, as the industrial complex required to make weapons this way was less expensive.

[编辑] 事後

While this attack did little damage to the plant, it did stop production for a short period. Almost as soon as production re-started, the USAAF started a series of raids on Vemork. The Germans were convinced that this would eventually result in some "hits," and they decided to abandon the plant and move remaining stocks and critical components to Germany in 1944.

Knut Haukelid was made aware of their plan and decided to sabotage the ferry carrying the heavy water across Lake Tinnsjø. He recognised a ferry crew member and talked to him, taking this advantage to slip into the bottom of the ship and plant the bomb, after which he slipped away. Eight and half kilograms of plastic explosive with two alarm-clock fuses were fixed to the keel of the ferry, D/F Hydro, which was to carry the railway cars with the heavy water drums across Lake Tinnsjø. On 20 February 1944, shortly after setting off around midnight, the ferry and its cargo sank in deep water, finally capping the original mission's objective and halting Germany's atomic bomb development programme. A number of Norwegian civilians were killed as the ferry sank. Witnesses reported seeing steel drums floating after the sinking, leading to speculation that they did not really contain heavy water. But an examination of records after the war showed that some barrels were only half full, and therefore would have floated. A few of these may have been salvaged and transported to Germany. Around 2005, an expedition retrieved a barrel (numbered "26") from the bottom of the lake. Its contents of heavy water matched the concentration noted in the German records, and confirmed that the shipment was not a decoy. However, it also supported the notion that the concentration of heavy water in a number of the barrels was too small to be of value to a weapons program. This might explain the absence of heavy security measures around the shipment, including why the ferry itself was not searched for delayed charges.

Unknown to the saboteurs, a "Plan B" had been set up by the SOE, who arranged a second team to attack the shipment at Herøya should the first attempt fail. The disassembled factory was later found in southern Germany during the closing stages of the war by members of the Operation Alsos nuclear seizure force.

With the benefit of hindsight, the consensus on the German wartime nuclear program is that it was a long way from producing a bomb, even with the Norwegian heavy water. Nevertheless, the unsuccessful British raid (FRESHMAN) and the feats of the Norwegian saboteurs (SWALLOW, GROUSE, GUNNERSIDE) made the top secret war against the heavy water production internationally known and the saboteurs national heroes.

[编辑] 參與SOE挪威反抗軍特工列表

第1位廠內特工

Einar Skinnarland

代號「松雞燕子特工團隊」

Jens Anton Poulsson

Arne Kjelstrup

Knut Haugland

Claus Helberg

突擊隊

Joachim Rønneberg

Knut Haukelid

Fredrik Kayser

Kasper Idland

Hans Storhaug

Birger Strømsheim

(Leif Tronstad) (謀略者，人於英國遙控)

Tinnsjø湖廠特工團隊

Knut Haukelid, alias "Bonzo"

Rolf Sørlie (地方反抗軍)

Einar Skinnarland (基層無線電發報員)

Gunnar Syverstad (廠區實驗室研究員)

Kjell Nielsen (廠區運輸經理)

(“Larsen”) (廠區主工程師)

(NN) (汽車調度及駕駛員)

[编辑] 相關著作、電影、電視、廣播評論

1948年挪威記錄片Kampen om tungtvannet中， featured some of the original saboteurs playing themselves.
Some of these exploits were used as the basis for the US 1965 war movie The Heroes of Telemark starring Kirk Douglas whose character, Dr. Rolf Pedersen, was supposed to be GROUSE member Joachim Rønneberg. Rønneberg stated himself, "The Fight for Heavy Water was an honest attempt to describe history. The Heroes of Telemark, on the other hand, had little to do with reality."
The book The Real Heroes of Telemark: The True Story of the Secret Mission to Stop Hitler's Atomic Bomb by Ray Mears, published by Hodder & Stoughton 2003 (ISBN 0-340-83016-6) describes the events from the perspective of the unique survival skills of the Norwegian commandos. It accompanied a BBC television documentary series, The Real Heroes of Telemark, which sticks more to the facts than the Hollywood film it is named after. It also describes the survival aspects of the attack - how to survive for months in a mountain cabin. The name is an obvious pun on the Hollywood effort and its inaccuracies.
The book Skis Against the Atom (ISBN 0-942323-07-6) is a the first-hand account by Knut Haukelid, one of the raiders who stayed behind.
The book Assault In Norway: Sabotaging the Nazi Nuclear Program by Thomas Gallagher, published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975 (ISBN 0-15-109582-5) / The Lyons Press, 2002 (ISBN 1-58574-750-5) focuses on the part played by the Norwegian commandos.
The book Operation Freshman: The Rjukan Heavy Water Raid, 1942 by Richard Wiggan, published by W. Kimber, 1986 (ISBN 0-7183-0571-X) focuses on the ill-fated Operation FRESHMAN.
The book Blood and Water: Sabotaging Hitler's Bomb by Dan Kurzman, published by Henry Holt & Company, 1997 (ISBN 0-8050-3206-1) documents all operations against the Vemork plant.
The book E=MC2: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation (ISBN 0-330-39165-8) has a rather detailed section on the raid.
The book Between Silk and Cyanide by Leo Marks has a chapter about the raid, from the viewpoint of an SOE cryptographer who helped organize the communications between the SOE and the saboteurs.
The 2003 BBC Radio 4 program Telemark Heroes, Julian Pettifer talked to survivors of Operation Gunnerside, Listen Again
The 2004 Australian Broadcasting Corporation's The Big Picture: Real Heroes Of Telemark, written and produced by Martin Pailthorpe, executive produced by Dick Colthurst.
The 2005 PBS documentary Hitler's Sunken Secret (about retrieving barrel no 26 - see above).
The book The Making of the Atomic Bomb by Richard Rhodes (ISBN 0-684-81378-5) has a detailed section on the raid.
In addition, there is a number of books in Norwegian covering the dramatic fight for Heavy Water.
The book Commando Country by Stuart Allan, National Museums Scotland 2007, ISBN 9781905267149 has a section on the training and preparation for the raids in Scotland.
Ray Mears made a TV program called The Real Heroes of Telemark, retracing their steps, and how they survived.
There is a new film planned by the Norwegian Production company "Filmkameratene". It's a remake of the 1948 film "Kampen om tungtvannet".http://www1.vg.no/film/artikkel.php?artid=142643

[编辑] 注釋

[编辑] 相關聯結

分类: 间谍

2个隐藏分类: 自2008年2月正在翻譯的條目 | 正在翻譯的條目

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