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卡尔大公，捷欣公爵(Archduke Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen) (德语: Erzherzog Karl von Österreich, Herzog von Teschen, 又称Karl von Österreich-Teschen) (全名: 卡尔·路德维希·约翰·洛伦茨Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz of Austria) (1771年9月5日 – 1847年4月30日) 奥地利元帅，利奥波德二世和皇后玛丽亚·卢多维卡公主(Infanta)之子，弗朗茨二世之弟。尽管他患有癫痫病，但不影响他作为指挥官和奥地利军队的改革者。
目录 |
[编辑] 青年和早期生涯
卡尔出生于意大利佛罗伦萨。年青时在托斯卡纳，在维也纳，在奥地利属下的荷兰，法国革命战争时在那里他开始他的军事生涯。他指挥的一个旅在热马普战役(Battle of Jemappes)，和1793年扬名的阿尔登霍芬(Battle of Aldenhoven)和内尔温登战役(Battle of Neerwinden)。在这一年，他在比利时成为Statthalter并获得lieutenant field marshal军衔(lieutenant field marshal)，不久晋升为Feldzeugmeister(FZM)步兵上将。随后参加弗勒侣斯战役。
在1795年他在莱茵军团，并在第二年被赋予行政控制所有莱茵河奥地利军队。1796年将儒尔当和莫罗的法军赶出，获元帅军衔，成为欧洲一个最伟大的将领。1799年在安贝格和维尔茨堡战役与儒尔当会战，再次击败法儒尔当的军队，但遭到巨大损失。然后遭遇莫罗的法军，他战败被迫离开德国。
[编辑] 拿破仑战争
1797年他被派往意大利迎击波拿巴将军，有力地钳制了拿破仑的进军，在1799年的战役他再次迎战儒尔当，在Osterach和Stokasch之战打败他，随后入侵瑞士在第一次苏黎世战役击败马塞纳，重新进入德国占领法国莱茵河。
因健康欠佳他被迫退休回到波西米亚，1801年升任奥地利军事委员会主席，锐意实施改革。由于受到阻挠，被迫于1805年1月辞职。霍恩林登战役后卡尔大公不得不作出Steyr停战决定，第二次反法同盟以来的连绵战事暂时告一段落。这给他赢得给他竖立塑像的荣耀和国家救世主的名声，但卡尔拒绝了。
1805年短期和灾难性的战争，卡尔大公打算将主要军队留在意大利，与法军马塞纳元帅在北意大利开始卡德耶罗战役(Battle of Caldiero)，10月28日会战开始，31日结束，双方都未取得上风，随着缔结和平条约，他开始了积极的军队改组工作，作为大元帅的军队，他若干年前已经取得了元帅军衔。
1806年2月弗朗茨二世重新被任命他为奥地利军队总司令和军事委员会主席。1809年5月21～22日，在阿斯珀恩和埃斯灵使拿破仑一世第一次遭到挫败。7月，瓦格拉姆会战失败后辞职。
[编辑] 晚年生活
Charles spent the rest of his life in retirement, except for a short time in 1815 when he was military governor of the Fortress Mainz. In 1822 he succeeded to the duchy of Saxe-Teschen.
On 17 September, 1815, Charles married Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg (1797–1829). She was a daughter of Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg (1768- 1816) and his wife Louise Isabelle of Kirchberg.
Frederick William was the eldest surviving son of Karl Christian of Nassau-Weilburg and Princess Wilhelmine Carolina of Orange-Nassau.
Wilhelmine Carolina was a daughter of William IV, Prince of Orange and Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange. Anne was in turn the eldest daughter of George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach.
Charles died at Vienna on 30 April 1847. He is buried in tomb 122 in the New Vault of the Imperial Crypt in Vienna. An equestrian statue was erected to his memory on the Heldenplatz in Vienna in 1860.
[编辑] 评价他的成就
The caution which the archduke preached so earnestly in his strategic works, he displayed in practice only when the situation seemed to demand it, though his education certainly prejudiced him in favor of the defensive at all costs. He was at the same time capable of forming and executing the most daring offensive strategy, and his tactical skill in the handling of troops, whether in wide turning movements, as at Würzburg and Zürich, or in masses, as at Aspern and Wagram, was certainly equal to that of any leader of his time, with only a few exceptions.
His campaign of 1796 is considered almost faultless. That he sustained defeat in 1809 was due in part to the great numerical superiority of the French and their allies, and in part to the condition of his newly reorganized troops. His six weeks' inaction after the victory of Aspern is, however, open to unfavorable criticism. As a military writer, his position in the evolution of the art of war is very important, and his doctrines had naturally the greatest weight. Nevertheless they cannot but be considered antiquated even in 1806. Caution and the importance of strategic points are the chief features of his system. The rigidity of his geographical strategy may be gathered from the prescription that this principle is never to be departed from.
Again and again he repeats the advice that nothing should be hazarded unless one's army is completely secure, a rule which he himself neglected with such brilliant results in 1796. Strategic points, he says, not the defeat of the enemy's army, decide the fate of one's own country, and must constantly remain the general's main concern, a maxim which was never more remarkably disproved than in the war of 1809. The editor of the archduke's work is able to make but a feeble defense against Clausewitz's reproach that Charles attached more value to ground than to the annihilation of the foe. In his tactical writings the same spirit is conspicuous. His reserve in battle is designed to cover a retreat.
The baneful influence of these antiquated principles was clearly shown in the maintenance of Königgratz-Josefstadt in 1866 as a strategic point, which was preferred to the defeat of the separated Prussian armies, and in the strange plans produced in Vienna for the campaign of 1859, and in the almost unintelligible Battle of Montebello in the same year. The theory and the practice of Archduke Charles form one of the most curious contrasts in military history. In the one he is unreal, in the other he displayed, along with the greatest skill, a vivid activity which made him for long the most formidable opponent of Napoleon.
On the battlefield, it is probably fair to say, Charles was comparable in skill and style to Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington - quite conservative and yet exceedingly competent. Wellington is better-known to posterity, because he led one of the two Allied armies at the final decisive victory of the Napoleonic Wars (the battle of Waterloo in 1815), although Wellington's superior reputation is perhaps also due to the fact that he only once faced Napoleon, whereas Charles was confronted by Napoleon in battle more times than any other commander. On these occasions the reliable and yet unimaginative tactics Charles was fond of were not sufficient, except on one occasion at Aspern-Essling, to defeat the unpredictable Corsican. Nonetheless Charles is a member of a pantheon of famous Napoleonic figures that includes the Emperor himself, Louis Nicolas Davout, Karl von Schwarzenberg, Alexander Suvorov, Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher and the aforementioned Duke of Wellington.
[编辑] 家庭和子女
Charles和Henrietta的七个孩子:
- Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (31 July, 1816 - 8 August, 1867). Married Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies.
- Archduke Albert, Duke of Teschen (3 August, 1817 - 2 February, 1895).
- Karl Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (29 July, 1818 - 20 November, 1874). Married Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria.
- Archduke Frederick Ferdinand of Austria (14 May, 1821 - 5 October, 1847).
- Archduke Rudolph of Austria (25 September - 11 October, 1822).
- Archduchess Maria Karoline of Austria (10 September, 1825 - 17 July, 1915). She married Archduke Rainer of Austria, third son of a senior Archduke Rainer of Austria and Princess Elisabeth of Savoy-Carignano.
- Archduke Wilhelm Franz of Austria (21 April, 1827 - 29 July, 1894).
[编辑] 工程
- Grundsätze der Kriegskunst für die Generale (1806)
- Grundsätze der Strategie erläutert durch die Darstellung des Feldzugs 1796 (1814)
- Geschichte des Feldzugs von 299 (1819)
[编辑] 外部链接
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