佳得乐
维基百科，自由的百科全书
佳得乐(臺譯為「開特力」)（Gatorade）是一种非碳酸性运动饮料，是由桂格（Quaker Oats）公司销售，属于百事公司旗下产品。产品最初是提供给运动员专用，现在逐渐成为一种常见的零售饮料。 electrolytes
饮料倾向于复水和补充碳水化合物(结合糖类蔗糖和葡萄糖) 以及电解质（如钠和钾盐等）能够促进体液吸收，帮助身体维持体液平衡，在运动后有效的提供身体能量，特别是在较暖气候中。[1]
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[编辑] 历史
佳得乐是由佛罗里达大学的Robert Cade医生以及其他一些研究员Mandel Dequesada, Alex DeQuesada, Dana Shires和Jim Free所发明的，and Father Michael Goetz Secondary School (in Mississauga, Ontario) in 1965 for the school’s football team and named after the university’s athletic nickname, the Gators. Cade entered into an agreement with the Indianapolis-based fruit and vegetable canning company Stokely-Van Camp, Inc. (S-VC) to produce the product, which he had already patented. In 1973 Cade and S-VC settled a lawsuit with the University of Florida, which had claimed the University owned the rights for the drink's formula. Since that time the University has received more than US$80 million in Gatorade royalties.[1]
只在一年後its commercial introduction Gatorade was reformulated, as its initial recipe contained the sweetener cyclamate, which was banned by the FDA.[2]
The Gators football team, at the behest of head coach Ray Graves, began using Gatorade officially in 1967 and went on to win their first Orange Bowl title. They beat Georgia Tech, whose coach, when asked why they lost, replied: “We didn’t have Gatorade. That made the difference.” Through his friendship with Graves, Hank Stram, head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs, secured large amounts of Gatorade for his players; the Chiefs attributed their Super Bowl title of the 1969 season to the University of Florida sports drink. [1]
Marketed with dramatically perspiring athletic imagery, the drink became popular with non-athletes, and dietetic and low-sodium versions were added to the Gatorade product lineup.[1]
The Quaker Oats Company bought S-VC in 1983, after a bidding war with rival Pillsbury. Quaker licensed manufacturing of Gatorade in some worldwide markets to PepsiCo, but sued Pepsi in Australia in 1998, alleging Pepsi had misappropriated Gatorade trade secrets to manufacture its own sports drink, All Sport. Quaker won the Australian case [2]. In August 2001, Pepsico acquired Quaker (after another bidding war, this time with arch rival 可口可乐公司). Both bidders valued Quaker largely because of the Gatorade brand.[1]
Along with 強生公司, Gatorade is one of the founding sponsors of the National Athletic Trainers’ Association. It is also the official sports drink of the 國家美式足球聯盟, 美國職棒大聯盟, NBA, WNBA, 美国国家篮球发展联盟, 國家冰上曲棍球聯盟, US Soccer Federation, 美國職業足球大聯盟, and many other pro and college organizations, providing supplies of the drinks to the teams in all flavors available.[1]
[编辑] 成份
The original Gatorade contained water, sucrose (table sugar) and glucose-fructose syrups, citric acid, sodium chloride (table salt), sodium citrate, monopotassium phosphate, and flavoring/coloring ingredients. In 2007, Gatorade reformulated their bottled drinks to use high fructose corn syrup as a sweetener. Some Gatorade flavorings use brominated vegetable oil to provide stability to the flavor emulsion[3]. Gatorade supplies 127 mg/l of potassium and 464 mg/l of sodium, and 59 g/l of carbohydrates (in the form of sugars). The current (2006) Gatorade panel claims that Gatorade rehydrates athletes better than water because the flavor makes it easier to drink.
Gatorade also markets an Energy Formula and an Endurance Formula. The Energy Formula was introduced in 2000 and contains more monosaccharides and carbohydrates for quick available energy needed during athletic competition. As a result, this formula is sweeter than regular Gatorade. It comes in 12-fluid ounce plastic bottles in the U.S. The Endurance Formula, introduced in 2004, contains more of the electrolytes (such as calcium and magnesium) than the typical Gatorade formula. The additional electrolytes replenish what the body sweats out during extended periods of physical exertion, especially in hot weather. Because of this, the Endurance Formula tastes saltier than original Gatorade.
In 2000, Gatorade introduced Propel Fitness drink. Propel Fitness Water is sweetened with sucrose syrup, sucralose and acesulfame potassium. Propel has the same electrolytes as Gatorade, along with some vitamins, which makes it similar to Vitamin Water. Propel Fitness Water with Calcium was introduced in 2006. Also, in 2006, Gatorade introduced its Rain flavor line, which features a lighter, watery taste similar to its Propel line but which comes in the bottle size and shape as the original Gatorade, which von Eiff and Ioakimedes introduced to the company.
Gatorade revealed the Gatorade line Energy Bar in 1999. This energy bar was Gatorade's first foray into solid foods, and was introduced to compete with PowerBar and Clif Bar. Gatorade Energy Bars contain a large proportion of protein in addition to its carbohydrates. The bar is mainly made up of puffed grains and corn syrup, common components of energy bars. Gatorade is meant to rehydrate ones essential loss of water through their body as a result of amino acid sweat.
Since Gatorade contains no caffeine and normal amounts of sugar, it provides energy while it does not keep one up at night.
Template:Infobox nutrition facts
[编辑] Gatorade Sports Science Institute
The Gatorade Sports Science Institute (GSSI) is a facility for researching athletics and hydration. The headquarters are in Barrington, Illinois and were established in 1988. The facility has laboratories especially for studying nutrition, exercise physiology, and biochemistry.
[编辑] Competition
Gatorade's main competition is POWERade, made by the Coca-Cola Company. Kool-Aid also holds a fair share of potential sports drink consumers. All Sport is a competitor marketed by The Monarch Beverage Company, of Atlanta, Georgia. All Sport was marketed by PepsiCo until 2001, when Gatorade's maker, the Quaker Oats Company was acquired by PepsiCo. All Sport was sold off to the Monarch Beverage Company soon after.
Outside the United States the Lucozade energy drink (manufactured since 1927 by the pharmaceutical company now known as GlaxoSmithKline) competes with Gatorade and Powerade. Lucozade's formulation differs in that it uses primarily glucose and contains caffeine. The more direct competitor to Gatorade and Powerade is Lucozade Sport.
[编辑] Flavors
[编辑] Gatorgum
In the late 1970's and early 1980's, Gatorade sold a brand of chewing gum called Gatorgum. The product was manufactured by Fleer Corporation, was available in each of Gatorade's two original flavors (lemon-lime and orange) and was rather sour-tasting by normal chewing gum standards.
Gatorgum's foil packaging advertised that the product "Helps Quench Thirst". Like all chewing gums, the product would not actually rehydrate the body on its own. However, it did contain electrolytes to assist the human body with the rehydration process.
[编辑] 流行文化
Template:Trivia
- Perhaps the most notable presence of Gatorade is the "Gatorade Shower" (originally called The Gatorade Dunk) at the end of an American football game, where players from a victorious team grab the Gatorade cooler, sneak up behind the head coach, and pour the contents over his head. This tradition began in the mid-80's when Harry Carson and Jim Burt of the New York Giants doused head coach Bill Parcells during the 1985 season. Burt's teammates picked up on this practice and popularized it during team's championship seasons of 1986-87. The tradition gained widespread popularity, and now coaches at all levels get the dubious dunk.[4]
- In Clerks., Dante Hicks' (Brian O'Halloran) hockey teammates request free Gatorade from the Quick Stop convenience store.
- In The Waterboy, Coach Klein (Henry Winkler) tells Bobby Boucher (Adam Sandler) that Gatorade is better than water, in an effort to harness Boucher's rage for the football field.
- Gatorade's 1991 "Be Like Mike" ads featured Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls, which had just won its first NBA championship. The ads began airing in August of 1991 and soon the phrase 'Be Like Mike' was being said all over the world. Bernie Pitzel, Creative Director of Bayer Bess Vanderwarker, Gatorade's Agency of record at the time, wrote the lyrics. Composers Steve Shafer and Ira Antellis wrote the music.[5] This ad was mimicked in Malibu Comics' short-lived Street Fighter comic, in which a commercial for a Gatorade-like sports drink was marketed with Ken Masters undertaking Jordan's role as spokesman for the product.
- In Paul Simon's song, “Papa Hobo” on his self-titled album, he sings, "I'll be living off Gatorade, planning my getaway."
- The Connecticut legislature passed a law in 2006 that banned soda in public schools. Despite Gatorade's image as a health-conscious beverage, it too was banned.[6]
- Rapper Bow wow stated in his mtv crib episode that the drink was his favourite drink
[编辑] 常见的替代品
A number of "electrolyte replacement drinks" have been introduced in both commercial and non-commercial contexts. Two of the more popular home recipes are:
- Water, vinegar (usually a strongly flavored vinegar such as apple cider), molasses (sometimes blackstrap), and sometimes other flavorings such as honey and/or ginger (usually powdered). This is called switchel. [1]
- Water, Kool-Aid mix, various salts, and sometimes other minerals such as sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). This makes a more "Gatorade-like" drink than switchel. [2]
See also: Oral rehydration therapy
[编辑] 产品评论
TFS Review: Gatorade Endurance Formula
[编辑] 参考资料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Vaughn（2007年9月4日）．The History of Gatorade．MrVaugn.wordpress.com．於2007年4月28日查閱．
- ^ Gatorade 21. Stokeley'sResponse．ChemCases.com．於2007年4月28日查閱．
- ^ Frequently Asked Questions．gatorade.com．Gatorade（2005年1月5日）．於2007年5月28日查閱．
- ^ How did the tradition of dumping Gatorade on football coaches begin?．Ask Yahoo!．Yahoo!（2005-01-27）．於2007年5月16日查閱．
- ^ A more detailed account of the creation of the Be Like Mike campaign appears in Rovell, Darren（2006）．First in thirst: how Gatorade turned the science of sweat into a cultural phenomenon．New York：American Management Association．OCLC 60393271．
- ^ Associated Press．zh-hans:“;zh-hant:「Connecticut passes school soda ban: Designed to fight child obesity, law takes effect on July 1zh-hans:”;zh-hant:」，MSNBC.com，2006-05-12．于2007年5月16日查阅．
