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Defensin - Vikipedi

Defensin

Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi

Defensinler, omurgalıların ve omurgasızların her ikisinde de bulunan küçük (15-20), sisteince zengin katiyonik proteinlerdir. Bakteriler, mantarlar ve kapsüllü virüsler karşısında etkin hale geçerler.

6 ila 8 sistein kalıntısını saklayan 15-20 amino asitden meydana gelmişlerdir.

Bağışıklık sisteminin hücreleri, örneğin nötrofiller ve hemen hemen bütün epiteliyal hücreler, bakterileri fagosite etmede yardımcı olan bu proteinleri içerirler.

Çoğu defensinin işleyişi, elektriksel çekim yoluyla mikrobiyalın hücre zarını delip-geçerek açılan pordan hücre içeriğini dışarıya akıtma suretiyledir.

Konu başlıkları

[değiştir] Çeşitleri

Defensinlerin üretiminden sorumlu olan genler yüksek oranda polimorfikdir. Bazıları saklıdır; bununla beraber, β-defensinlerin işaretleri küçük boyutlu, katiyonik yükün yüksek yoğunluğpunda ve 6 sistein-kalıntılı motif içermektedir.

Generally they are encoded by two-exon genes, where the first exon encodes for a hydrophobic leader sequence and the second for a peptide containing the cysteine motif.

There are three main (known) forms of mammalian defensins; α-defensins, β-defensins, and θ-defensins.

Type Genes Description
α-defensins Şablon:Gene, Şablon:Gene, Şablon:Gene, Şablon:Gene, Şablon:Gene, Şablon:Gene Are expressed primarily in neutrophils as well as macrophages and the Paneth cells of the intestines (where they help maintain the correct microbial balance).
β-defensins Şablon:Gene, DEFB4, Şablon:Gene/Şablon:Gene to Şablon:Gene/Şablon:Gene, Şablon:Gene to Şablon:Gene Are the most widely distributed, being secreted by leukocytes and epithelial cells of many kinds. For example, they can be found on the tongue, skin, cornea, salivary glands, kidneys, esophagus, and respiratory tract. It is theorised that some of the pathology of cystic fibrosis arises from the inhibition of β-defensin activity on the epithelial surfaces of the lungs and trachea due to higher salt content. These small cells might someday be incorporated onto bioengineered skin grafts for burn victims to boost their ability to repel infections at a critical phase, according to a University of Cincinnati study at Shriner's Hospital for Children.
θ-defensins Şablon:Gene Are rare, and thus far have been found only in the leukocytes of the rhesus macaque.

[değiştir] Function

In immature marsupials, because their immune system is underdeveloped at the time of birth, defensins play a major role in defense against pathogens. They are produced in the milk of the mother as well as by the young marsupial in question. It is also interesting to note that retrocyclin - a theta-defensin[1] created artificially by `fixing' a human pseudogene - is effective against HIV, though the mechanism by which it does this is unknown.

Also interesting is the effect of defensins on the exotoxin produced by anthrax (bacillus anthracis). Chun Kim et. al showed how anthrax, which produces a metalloprotease Lethal Factor (LF) protein to target MAPKK, is vulnerable to human neutrophil protein-1 (HNP-1). This group showed HNP-1 to behave as a reversible noncompetitive inhibitor of LF.[2]

Defensins are contained in the sebum secreted by the Sebaceous gland which melts at 30 degrees celsius. Most people in industrialised countries remove the sebum and therefore the defensins every day in the shower.

[değiştir] Pathology

An imbalance of defensins in the skin may contribute to acne.[3]

A reduction of ileal defensins may predispose to Crohn's disease.[4][5]

[değiştir] Kaynaklar

  1. ^ Şablon:MeshName
  2. ^ Kim C, Gajendran N, Mittrücker H, Weiwad M, Song Y, Hurwitz R, Wilmanns M, Fischer G, Kaufmann S (2005). "Human alpha-defensins neutralize anthrax lethal toxin and protect against its fatal consequences.". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (13): 4830-5. PMID 15772169. 
  3. ^ Philpott M (2003). "Defensins and acne.". Mol Immunol 40 (7): 457-62. PMID 14568392. 
  4. ^ Genomics & Genetics Weekly, "Researchers discover a possible cause of chronic inflammations of Crohn Disease." August 11, 2006, page 72
  5. ^ Wehkamp J et al (2005). "Reduced Paneth cell alpha-defensins in ileal Crohn's disease". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (50): 18129-34. PMID 16330776. 

İngilizce Vikipedi'deki 03 Mayıs 2008 tarihli Defensin maddesi

[değiştir] Dış bağlantılar


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