Әдебиеттен Нобел жүлдесі
Уикипедияның мағлұматы
Әдебиеттен Нобел жүлдесі – жыл сайын дүние жүзінің қандай да елінен болмасын шыққан авторға беріледі.
Бұл сыйлықты швед инженер-химигі, өнертапқыш және өнеркәсіп иесі Алфред Нобел ұйымдастырды. Оның есімімен аталған бұл сыйлық дүниежүзінде ең танымал, сонымен бірге ең қатты сыналады деп айтылады. Сыйлыққа А. Нобелдің кескіні бейнеленген алтын медаль, диплом және ақшалай сыйлық беріледі. Ақшалай сыйлық Нобель фондының кірісіне байланысты. Нобелдің 1895 ж. қарашаның 27 жазған өсиетхаты бойынша оның капиталы (алғашында 31 млн. швед кроны) акция, облигация, несиеге салынды. Осыдан түскен табыс бірдей бес бөлікке бөлінеді және физика, химия, физиология немесе медицина, әдебиет және бейбітшілікті нығайтуға бағытталған үздік жетістіктерге беріледі.
Сыйлықты жыл сайын желтоқсанның 10 Ісуіш патшасы Стокхолмда тапсырады. Нобел әдебиет сыйлығын алғаннан кейін лауреат жұмысының тақырыбы бойынша дәріс беруге міндетті. Негізінен әдебиет сыйлығы жазушыға жеке шығармасы үшін емес, әдебиеттің дамуына қосқан үлесі үшін беріледі.
1901 жылдан бері Әдебиеттен Нобел жүлдесі беріліп келеді. Содан бері 106 жазушы осы сыйлыққа ие болды.
[өңдеу] Лауреаттар
Жылы | Есімі | Азаматтығы | Тіл(дер)і | Дәйексөзі |
---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Прүдом, Сүлли (Sully Prudhomme) | France | Франсузша | «in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect.» |
1902 | Моммзен, Теодор (Theodor Mommsen) | {{{shortname alias}}} | Немісше | «the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome.» |
1903 | Бйорнсон, Бйорнстйерне (Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson) | Үлгі:NOR | Norwegian | «as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit.» |
1904 | Мистрал, Фредерик (Frédéric Mistral) | France | Окситанша | «in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist.» |
Ечегарай, Хосе (José Echegaray) | [[Сурет:{{{flag alias-1785}}}|22x20px|Испания байрағы]] Испания | Испанша | «in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama.» | |
1905 | Сенкевич, Генрик (Henryk Sienkiewicz) | Полонша | «because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer.» | |
1906 | Кардуччи, Джозе (Giosuè Carducci) | Италия | Италианша | «not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces.» |
1907 | Киплиң, Редйар (Rudyard Kipling) | Үлгі:UK | Ағылшынша | «in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author.» |
1908 | Ойкен, Рудолф Кристоф (Rudolf Christoph Eucken) | {{{shortname alias}}} | Немісше | «in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life.» |
1909 | Лагерлөф, Селма (Selma Lagerlöf) | Үлгі:SWE | Ісуішше | «in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings.» |
1910 | Хейзе, Паул (Paul Heyse) | {{{shortname alias}}} | Немісше | «as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories.» |
1911 | Метерлинк, Морис (Maurice Maeterlinck) | Үлгі:BEL | Франсузша | «in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations.» |
1912 | Ғауптманн, Герхарт (Gerhart Hauptmann) | {{{shortname alias}}} | Немісше | «primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art.» |
1913 | Тагор, Рабиндранат (Rabindranath Tagore) | India | Баңлаша | «because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West.» |
1915 | Роллан, Ромен (Romain Rolland) | France | Франсузша | «as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings.» |
1916 | Verner von Heidenstam | Үлгі:SWE | Swedish | «in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature.» |
1917 | Karl Adolph Gjellerup | Үлгі:DEN | Danish | «for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals.» |
Henrik Pontoppidan | Үлгі:DEN | Danish | «for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark.» | |
1919 | Carl Spitteler | Үлгі:SUI | German | «in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring.» |
1920 | Knut Hamsun | Үлгі:NOR | Norwegian | «for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil.» |
1921 | Anatole France | France | French | «in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament.» |
1922 | Jacinto Benavente | [[Сурет:{{{flag alias-1785}}}|22x20px|Испания байрағы]] Испания | Spanish | «for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama.» |
1923 | William Butler Yeats | Үлгі:IRL | English | «for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation.» |
1924 | Władysław Reymont | Polish | «for his great national epic, The Peasants.» | |
1925 | George Bernard Shaw | Үлгі:IRL | English | «for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty.» |
1926 | Grazia Deledda | Италия | Italian | «for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general.» |
1927 | Henri Bergson | France | French | «in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented.» |
1928 | Sigrid Undset | Үлгі:NOR | Norwegian | «principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages.» |
1929 | Thomas Mann | German | «principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature.» | |
1930 | Sinclair Lewis | АҚШ | English | «for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters.» |
1931 | Erik Axel Karlfeldt | Үлгі:SWE | Swedish | «The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt» |
1932 | John Galsworthy | Үлгі:UK | English | «for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga.» |
1933 | Ivan Bunin | Үлгі:USSR (in exile) | Russian | «for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing.» |
1934 | Luigi Pirandello | Италия | Italian | «for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art.» |
1936 | Eugene O'Neill | АҚШ | English | «for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy.» |
1937 | Roger Martin du Gard | France | French | «for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault.» |
1938 | Pearl S. Buck | АҚШ | English | «for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces.» |
1939 | Frans Eemil Sillanpää | Үлгі:FIN | Finnish | «for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature.» |
1944 | Johannes Vilhelm Jensen | Үлгі:DEN | Danish | «for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style.» |
1945 | Gabriela Mistral | Үлгі:CHL | Spanish | «for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world.» |
1946 | Hermann Hesse | ,[1] 1923: Үлгі:SUI[1] | German | «for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style.» |
1947 | André Gide | France | French | «for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight.» |
1948 | T. S. Eliot | АҚШ,[2] 1927: Үлгі:UK[2] | English | «for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry.» |
1949 | William Faulkner | АҚШ | English | «for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.» |
1950 | Bertrand Russell | Үлгі:UK | English | «in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.» |
1951 | Pär Lagerkvist | Үлгі:SWE | Swedish | «for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind.» |
1952 | François Mauriac | France | French | «for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life.» |
1953 | Winston Churchill | Үлгі:UK | English | «for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values.» |
1954 | Ernest Hemingway | АҚШ | English | «for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.» |
1955 | Halldór Laxness | Үлгі:ISL | Icelandic | «for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland.» |
1956 | Juan Ramón Jiménez | Испания | Spanish | «for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity.» |
1957 | Albert Camus | France | French | «for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times.» |
1958 | Boris Pasternak (declined the prize)[1] | Үлгі:USSR | Russian | «for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition.» |
1959 | Salvatore Quasimodo | Italian | «for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times.» | |
1960 | Saint-John Perse | France | French | «for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time.» |
1961 | Ivo Andrić | Үлгі:YUG | Serbo-Croat | «for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country.» |
1962 | John Steinbeck | Үлгі:USA | English | «for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception.» |
1963 | Giorgos Seferis | Үлгі:GRE | Greek | «for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture.» |
1964 | Jean-Paul Sartre (declined the prize)[2] | France | French | «for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a farreaching influence on our age.» |
1965 | Mikhail Sholokhov | Үлгі:USSR | Russian | «for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people.» |
1966 | Shmuel Yosef Agnon | Үлгі:ISR | Hebrew | «for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people.» |
Nelly Sachs | ,[3] 1952: Үлгі:SWE[3] | German | «for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength.» | |
1967 | Miguel Ángel Asturias | Үлгі:GUA | Spanish | «for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America.» |
1968 | Yasunari Kawabata | Үлгі:JPN | Japanese | «for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind.» |
1969 | Samuel Beckett | Үлгі:IRL | English/French | «for his writing, which — in new forms for the novel and drama — in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation.» |
1970 | Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Үлгі:USSR | Russian | «for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature.» |
1971 | Pablo Neruda | Үлгі:CHL | Spanish | «for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams.» |
1972 | Heinrich Böll | (West) | German | «for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature.» |
1973 | Patrick White | English | «for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature.» | |
1974 | Eyvind Johnson | Үлгі:SWE | Swedish | «for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom.» |
Harry Martinson | Үлгі:SWE | Swedish | «for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos.» | |
1975 | Eugenio Montale | Italian | «for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions.» | |
1976 | Saul Bellow | Үлгі:CAN[4], 1941: Үлгі:USA.[5] | English | «for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work.» |
1977 | Vicente Aleixandre | [[Сурет:{{{flag alias-1977}}}|22x20px|Испания байрағы]] Испания | Spanish | «for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars.» |
1978 | Isaac Bashevis Singer | ,[6] 1943: Үлгі:USA[6] | Yiddish | «for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life.» |
1979 | Odysseas Elytis | Үлгі:GRE | Greek | «for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness.» |
1980 | Czesław Miłosz | , 1970: Үлгі:USA,[7] 1992: Үлгі:LTU (honorary)[8] | Polish | «who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts.» |
1981 | Elias Canetti | Бұлғарстан,[9] 1952: Үлгі:UK[9] | German | «for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power.» |
1982 | Gabriel García Márquez | Үлгі:COL | Spanish | «for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts.» |
1983 | William Golding | Үлгі:UK | English | «for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today.» |
1984 | Jaroslav Seifert | Үлгі:CZE | Czech | «for his poetry which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man.» |
1985 | Claude Simon | France | French | «who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition.» |
1986 | Wole Soyinka | Үлгі:NGA | English | «in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence.» |
1987 | Joseph Brodsky | Үлгі:USSR,[10] 1977: Үлгі:USA[10] | Russian/English | «for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity.» |
1988 | Naguib Mahfouz | Үлгі:EGY | Arabic | «who, through works rich in nuance — now clearsightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous — has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind.» |
1989 | Camilo José Cela | Spanish | «for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability.» | |
1990 | Octavio Paz | Үлгі:MEX | Spanish | «for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity.» |
1991 | Nadine Gordimer | Үлгі:ZAF | English | «who through her magnificent epic writing has — in the words of Alfred Nobel — been of very great benefit to humanity.» |
1992 | Derek Walcott | Saint Lucia | English | «for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment.» |
1993 | Toni Morrison | Үлгі:USA | English | «who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality.» |
1994 | Kenzaburo Oe | Үлгі:JPN | Japanese | «who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today.» |
1995 | Seamus Heaney | Үлгі:IRL | English/Irish | «for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past.» |
1996 | Wisława Szymborska | Polish | «for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality.» | |
1997 | Dario Fo | Italian | «who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden.» | |
1998 | José Saramago | Portuguese | «who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality.» | |
1999 | Günter Grass | German | «whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history.» | |
2000 | Gao Xingjian | Үлгі:CHN,[11][12] | Chinese | «for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama.» |
2001 | Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul | Үлгі:TRI,[13] Үлгі:UK | English | «for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories.» |
2002 | Imre Kertész | Үлгі:HUN | Hungarian | «for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history.» |
2003 | J. M. Coetzee | Үлгі:ZAF, 2006: [14] | English | «who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider.» |
2004 | Elfriede Jelinek | Үлгі:AUT | German | «for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power.» |
2005 | Harold Pinter | Үлгі:UK | English | «who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms.» |
2006 | Orhan Pamuk | Үлгі:TUR | Turkish | «who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures.» |
[өңдеу] Түсініктемелер
- ^ a b Hesse, Herman (1946). Hermann Hesse: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. “In 1923, I resigned German and acquired Swiss citizenship.”
- ^ a b T.S. Eliot: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948: Biography. The Nobel Foundation (1948). Retrieved on 2007-08-13. “Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) was born in St. Louis, Missouri ... In 1927, Eliot became a British citizen and about the same time entered the Anglican Church.”
- ^ a b Nelly Sachs Biography. Art Directory GmbH. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. “The German writer and poet Nelly Sachs, whose original name was Leonie Sachs, was born to Jewish parents on December 10, 1891 in Berlin-Schöneberg. ... In 1950 Nelly's mother died and she wrote poems dealing with the loss. Two years later Sachs received Swedish citizenship.”
- ^ Bandler, Michael J. (2005-04-07). Author Saul Bellow Dead At 89: Nobel laureate was one of America's great 20th century novelists. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. “Canadian by birth -- the son of a Russian émigré businessman and a social worker -- and Chicagoan by residence and perspective and affection for most of his life, Bellow, a naturalized U.S. citizen, was part of the generation of writers...”
- ^ Slater, Elinor; Robert Slater (1996). “SAUL BELLOW: Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature”, Great Jewish Men. Jonathan David Company, 42. ISBN 0824603818. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. “Bellow became a naturalized American citizen in 1941.”
- ^ a b Isaac Bashevis Singer: Biographical Sketch. Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. “Isaac Bashevis Singer was born Icek-Hersz Zynger on July 14, 1904, in Leoncin, Poland. ... In 1943, Singer became a United States citizen.”
- ^ Czeslaw Milosz. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-08-14. “Milosz became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1970.”
- ^ Czeslaw Milosz. University of California. Retrieved on 2007-08-14. “He was made an honorary citizen of Lithuania in 1992...”
- ^ a b Elias Canetti: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1981: Curriculum Vitae. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-08-14. “1905 Born on 25 July in Ruse, Bulgaria. 1952 Receives British citizenship.”
- ^ a b Joseph Brodsky 1940–1996. eNotes. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. “Often called the best Russian poet of his generation, Brodsky was born and raised in the former Soviet Union and became an American citizen in 1977.”
- ^ Gao Xingjian: The Nobel Prize in Literature 2000: Biography. The Nobel Foundation (2000). Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ a b Gao Xingjian 1940-. eNotes. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. “Gao Xingjian (pronounced gow shing-jen) was born on January 4, 1940, in Ganzhou, China. ... His next plays received negative reactions from the Chinese government, causing Gao to emigrate to France in 1987 during a trip to Germany on an artistic fellowship. ... He became a naturalized French citizen in 1998...”
- ^ V. S. Naipaul 1932-. eNotes. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. “Naipaul was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad, in 1932, the second generation descendant of an East Indian grandfather who came to the West Indies in the early 1900s as an indentured laborer in the British colonial administration.”
- ^ JM Coetzee becomes an Australian citizen. Mail & Guardian online (2006-03-06). Retrieved on 2007-08-14.