Perang Yom Kippur
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| Perang Yom Kippur / Perang Oktober | |||||||||
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| Bagian dari the Konflik Arab-Israel | |||||||||
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| Pihak sing kalibat | |||||||||
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 , ,Cithakan:Country data Iraq |
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| Komandhan | |||||||||
| Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, Ariel Sharon, Shmuel Gonen, Benjamin Peled, Israel Tal, Rehavam Zeevi, Aharon Yariv, Yitzhak Hofi, Rafael Eitan, Abraham Adan, Yanush Ben Gal |
Saad El Shazly, Ahmad Ismail Ali, Hosni Mubarak, Mohammed Aly Fahmy, Anwar Sadat, Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy, Abdul Munim Wassel, Abd-Al-Minaam Khaleel, Abu Zikry, Mustafa Tlass[1] |
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| Kakuwatan | |||||||||
| 415,000 troops, 1,500 tank, 3,000 APC, 945 artileri unit,[2] 561 montor mabur, 84 helikopter, 38 Kapal[3] |
Mesir: 800,000 troops (300,000 deployed), 2,400 tank, 2,400 APC, 1,120 artileri unit,[2] 690 montor mabur, 161 helikopter, 104 Kapal, Suriah: 150,000 troops (60,000 deployed), 1,400 tank, 800–900 APC, 600 artileri unit,[2] 350 montor mabur, 36 helikopter, 21 Kapal, Irak: 60,000 troops, 700 tank, 500 APC, 200 artileri unit,[2] 73 montor mabur,[3] |
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| Cacahé korban | |||||||||
| 2,656 pejah 7,250 tatu 400 tank risak 600 tank risak/dipundandosi 102 montor mabur katémbak dhawah[4] |
8,528* – 15,000** pejah 19,540* – 35,000** tatu 2,250 tank risak utawi dipunrampas 432 montor mabur risak[4] |
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| * Western analysis ** Israeli analysis |
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Perang Yom Kippur utawi Perang Ramelan utawi Perang Oktober (Ibrani מלחמת יום הכיפורים Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim utawi מלחמת יום כיפור, Milkhemet Yom Kipur; basa Arab حرب أكتوبر; ħarb Oktober utawi حرب تشرين, ħarb Tishrin), ugi misuwur minangka Perang Arab-Israel 1973 lan Perang Arab-Israel Kaping Sekawan, wiwit tanggal 6 Oktober ngantos 26 Oktober 1973, antawis Israel lan koalisi negari-negari Arab ingkang dipun pandhégani déning Mesir lan Suriah. Perang punika dipun wiwiti kanthi serangan ndadak déning Mesir lan Suriah wekdal dinten libur Yahudi Yom Kippur. Mesir lan Suriah nyebrangi garis gencatan senjata ing Semenanjung Sinai,Dhataran Inggil Golan, inggih punika ingkang dipun rebat déning Israel nalika Perang Enem Dinten, ing taun 1967.[5]
Pasukan Mesir lan Suriah majeng utaminipun salami 24–48 jam ingkang sapisanan, saksampunipun punika momentum lajeng éwah. Wonten minggu kaping kalih, pasukan Suriah sampun kasurung medal saking dhataran inggil Golan. Ing Sinai, pasukan Israel nrobos ing antawisipun pasukan Mesir lan Suriah lajeng nyebrang Terusan Suez, lan nggunting jalur pasukan katiga Mesir wonten ing panggénan ingkang salajengipun dados papan gencatan senjata PBB (kawentar kanthi istilah Kilometer 101).
Bab lan Paragraf |
[sunting] Latar
[sunting] Panyebab perang (Casus belli)
Perang punika minangka bagéan saking konflik Arab-Israel, satunggiling cecongkrahan ingkang sampun nuwuhaken perang ingkang makaping-kaping wiwit taun 1948. Salami perang Enem Dinten taun 1967, Israel sampun ngrebat Semenanjung Sinai kagunganipun Mesir ngantos dugi Terusan Suez, ingkang lajeng dados garis gencatan senjata, lan kinten-kinten sepalih tlatah Dhataran Inggil Golan kagunganipun Suriah. Taun-taun salajengipun Israel amangun garis perbèntèngan wonten ing Sinai lan Golan. Taun 1971 Israel nelasaken biaya $500 yuta klanggé mangun perbèntèngan ageng ing Terusan Suez, kadamel saking siti lan dipun wastani Garis/bèntèng Bar Lev, mendhet nami jenderal Israel Chaim Bar-Lev.
[sunting] Kadadosan Pra Perang
Anwar Sadat ing taun 1972 mratelakaken manawi Mesir sampun niat perang nglawan Israel, lan siap ngorbanaken yutan tentara Mesir. Wiwit pungkasan taun 1972, Mesir miwiti mbangun kakiatan pasukanipun, nampi MiG-21 jet tempur, sistim misil pertahanan dharat-langit arupi SA-2, SA-3, SA-4, SA-6 lan SA-7, RPG-7, T-55 lan tank-tank T-62, lan utaminipun gaman misil anti tank AT-3 Sagger saking Uni Soviet lan ningkataken taktik militer, adhedhasar doktrin tempur Soviet. Jenderal-jenderal politik, ingkang sabagéan ageng nanggel waler kakawonan ing perang taun 1967, dipun gentos kaliyan ingkang langkung kompetèn.[6]
Sataun sadèrèngipun perang, ing satunggiling pertemuan kaliyan Dewan Pimpinan Tentara Mesir tanggal 24 Oktober, 1972, Sadat ngumumaken maksudipun badhé ngawontenaken peran lawan Israel senajan tanpa bantuan saking Soviet.[7] Rencana sampun dipun damel kanthi rahsya sanget—komandan èselon inggil ugi mboten mireng ngantos kirang saking saminggu sadèrèngipun serangan, lan prajurit mboten dipun paringi ngertos ngantos sawetawis jam sadèrèngipun. Rencana serangan sesarengan kaliyan Siria wau dipun paringi nami sandi Operasi Badar (tembung basa Arab ingkang maknanipun "wulan ndadari"), mendhet nami saking Perang Badar, nalika pasukan Muslim dipimpin déning Nabi Muhammad ngawonaken kaum Quraish ing Mekkah.
[sunting] Operasi Tempur
[sunting] Ing Sinai
Satuan Mesir mboten majeng nglangkungi tlatah tipis amargi kuwatos kicalan lindhungan saking bateré misil SAM ingkang dipun dèlèh wonten ing sisih kilèn Kanal Suez. Ing Perang Enem Dinten, Angkatan Udhara (Bala Langit) Israel sampun njotos pasukan Mesir. Pramila Mesir lan Siria lajeng mbèntèngi sisi garis gencatan senjata mawi bateré SAM (surface to air missiles) saking Soviet, kamangka Bala Langit Israel mboten kagungan penangkalipun. Israel, ingkang sampun mbucal arta kathah kanggé mbangun Bala Langit ingkang kiyat, ningali manawi kakiatan wau mboten wonten ginanipun ngadhepi bateré SAM Mesir.
[sunting] Ing Golan
Ing Dhataran Inggil Golan, pasukan Suriah nyerang pertahanan Israel nganggé kalih brigade lan sewelas bateré artileri sarta gangsal divisi lan 188 bateré. Wonten ing pertempuran punika, 180 tank Israel kedah ngadhepi kinten-kinten 1,300 tank Suriah.[8] Saben tank Israel ingkang dipun gelar wonten Golan langsung kontak wonten ing serangan awal. Pasukan Komando Suriah ingkang dipun terjunaken nganggé helikopter ugi gadhah peran wigati wekdal nyerang posisi Israel ing Jabal al Shaikh (Gunung Hermon), ingkang nggadhahi werni-werni piranti pelacak.
[sunting] Ing seganten
Pertempuran ing Latakia, arupi pertempuran Bala Seganten antawis Suriah lan Israel, kadadosan tanggal 7 Oktober, dinten kaping kalih perang, ngasilaken kamenangan Israel ngkang mbuktosaken potènsi kapal misil alit ingkang dipun paringi piranti ECM (Electronic countermeasures) modèrn. Pertempuran punika minangka ingkang sapisanan ing donya antawis kapal misil ingkang dipun lengkapi misil SAM.
[sunting] Gaman
Pasukan Arab dipun lengkapi naganggé gaman damelan Soviet, kosok wangsulipun Israel nganggé gaman damelan negari Kilèn. Tank ingkang dipun ginakaken déning Arab T-62 dipun lengkapi piranti deleng wengi (night vision equipment), sementawis pasukan Israel mboten utawi kirang. Tank IS-3 'Stalin', dipun pasangi gaman mesin 122 mm, sayektos taksih migunani wonten ing pertempuran punika, saged maringi bantuan anti tank jarak tebih kanggé tank T55/T62 pasukan Mesir.
| Tipe | Pasukan Arab | IDF |
|---|---|---|
| Tank | T-34/85, IS-3, T-10, T-54, T-55, T-62, and PT-76, as well as 100's of SU-100/122 (WWII vintage) Self propelled antitank guns. | Super Sherman, M48 Patton, M60 Patton, Centurion, AMX 13, also about 200 of T-54, T-55 captured during the Six-Day War, and later upgraded with British 105 mm L7 gun. |
| APCs/IFVs | BTR-40, BTR-152, BTR-50, BTR-60 APC's & BMP 1 IFV's | M2/M3 Half-track, M113 |
| Artileri | 2A18, M1937 Howitzer, BM-21 | M101 howitzer, M114 howitzer, M109, M110 |
| Montor Mabur | MiG-21, MiG-19, MiG-17, Su-7B, Tu-16, Il-28, Il-18, Il-14, An-12 | A-4 Skyhawk, F-4 Phantom II, Dassault Mirage III, Dassault Mystère IV, IAI Nesher, Sud Aviation Vautour |
| Helikopter | Mi-6, Mi-8 | Super Frelon, CH-53, S-58, AB-205, MD 500 Defender |
| AAW | SA-6 Gainful, SA-3 Goa, SA-2 Guideline, ZSU-23-4 | MIM-23 Hawk, MIM-72/M48 Chaparral, M163 VADS |
| Senapan | Carl Gustav M/45, AK-47, RPK, RPD, DShK | UZI, FN FAL, M16, FN MAG, M2 Browning |
[sunting] Gencatan Senjata
Déwan Keamanan PBB ngedalaken Resolusi 338 ingkang ngajak gencatan senjata, kanthi negotiasi kaliyan Amerika Sarikat lan Uni Soviet, tanggal 22 Oktober. Resolusi punika ngajak "sadaya péhak ingkang cecongkrahan " supados "ngendhegaken sedaya aktivitas militer." Résolusi punika dados efektif 12 jam sasampunipun medal, jam 18:52 wekdal Israel
[sunting] Referensi
[sunting] Cathetan
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 The number reflects artillery units of caliber 100 mm and up
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 (Basa Rusia) Yom Kippur War at sem40.ru
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Rabinovich, 496–497
- ↑ name="ybookcoil2004">During the Autumn of 2003, following the declassification of key Aman documents, the newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth released a series of controversial articles [2] which revealed that key Israeli figures were aware of considerable danger that an attack was likely, including Golda Meir and Moshe Dayan, but had decided not to act. The two journalists leading the investigation, Ronen Bergman and Gil Meltzer, later went on to publish Yom Kippur War, Real Time: The Updated Edition, Yediot Ahronoth/Hemed Books, 2004. ISBN 965-511-597-6
- ↑ Heikal, 22
- ↑ Rabinovich, 25.
- ↑ Peter Caddick-Adams "Golan Heights, battles of" The Oxford Companion to Military History. Ed. Richard Holmes. Oxford University Press, 2001.
[sunting] Bibliografi
- Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28716-2
- Fundamental Surprise: Intelligence in Crisis by Zvi Lanir. Hakibbutz Hameuchad, Tel-Aviv, 1983. (In Hebrew). Cithakan:Listed Invalid ISBN, Cithakan:OCLC, Cithakan:OCLC.
- In Search of Identity: An Autobiography by Anwar Sadat.
- Man of Defiance: A Political Biography of Anwar Sadat by Raphael Israeli.
- Syria and Israel: From War to Peacemaking by Moshe Maòz.
- The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East by Abraham Rabinovich. ISBN 0-8052-4176-0
- The Iran-Iraq War, 1980–1988 by Efraim Karsh. ISBN 1-84176-371-3
- Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs — The Jarring initiative and the response
- The War of Atonement: The Inside Story of the Yom Kippur War by Chaim Herzog 1975, new ed. 2006 ISBN 978-1853675690
- Jewish Education Dept., JAFI, Israeli Intelligence and the Yom Kippur War of 1973
- Jerusalem Post's — Yom Kippur War: Shattered Heights
- Jewish Agency for Israel's Timeline of Israeli history
- Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work by Robert A. Pape
- The Road to Ramadan by Mohamed Heikal. ISBN 0-8129-0567-9
- Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War by Victor Israelyan, 1995 ISBN 0-271-01489-X, ISBN 0-271-01737-6
- Put an end to Israeli aggression, an article printed in the Pravda newspaper on October 12, 1973 (translation at CNN)
[sunting] Pranala jawi
- A detailed account of 1973 October War (Yom Kippur War) - From Ariel Sharon's Biography
- The October War national park, Cairo
- Maps: Egypt
- Maps: Syria
- The October War, Al Ahram supplement
- The October War and US Policy — Provided by the National Security Archive.
- Lessons of the October War, Ahmad Faruqui
- A Cry From The Bunkers — Dramatic and authentic recordings by IDF soldier Avi Yaffe from inside the IDF position, under attack at the outbreak of the war.
- The reasons of the war. — Provided by Major Ebrahim Al-Jowder Bahrain Armed Forces.
- The 1973 October War: The Egyptian Perspective — Provided By Major J.C. Moulton, United States Air Force.
- The 1973 Arab-Israeli War: Arab Policies, Strategies, and Campaigns— Provided by Major Michael C. Jordan, United States Marine Corps.
- Operation Valiant: Turning of the Tide in the Sinai 1973 Arab-Israeli War - by Major Richard L. Owen, US Marine Corps Command and Staff College.
- Kissinger's Yom Kippur oil shock - Reasons for outbreak of war according to F.William Engdahl.
- Yom Kippur War: Sacrificial Stand in the Golan Heights - by Gary Rashba, Military History Magainze, October 1998 issue.
- Fundamental surprise, by Dr. Zvi Lanir, Tel Aviv University
- Radio program - 6:36 min from radio program about the Yom Kippur war. The program includes authentic recordings of the first moments of the war.
- "Another Round in the War of Words" Time Monday, Oct. 29, 1973. Separate interviews (same questions) with the Israeli Foreign Minister and Egyptian Foreign Minister.
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