משתמש:Staieram/ארגז בוץ
מתוך ויקיפדיה, האנציקלופדיה החופשית
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[עריכה] בלט ואין
בלט ואין היא עיר בסומליה. It is the capital of the Hiraan province, and is located in the central valley of the Shebelle River near the border with Ethiopia, some 206 miles (332 km) north of the capital Mogadishu. Straddling a meander of the river, it consists of four main districts called: October (Bundo-weyn), Howlwadaag, Koshin, and Hawa-tako. The Shabelle divides the town into east and west.
Beledweyne is one of the oldest cities in Somalia, and the city where the first generation of modern Somali politicians have their roots, from Aden Abdullah Osman Daar to Mohamed Farah Aidid.
Until recently, the town had been the base of operations of the self-proclaimed governor of Hiraan, Yusuf Ahmed Hagar (also known as Yusuf Mohamud Hagar and "Daba-Ged" or "Dabageed"[1]). He had been forced to flee by the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) whose forces, under the command of Yusuf Makaraan took the town in August 2006 and established a sharia court under Sheik Farah Moalim.[2][3] Though "Dabageed" returned to the town following the Battle of Beledweyne, on January 1, 2007, Somali President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed declared Hussein Mohamud Moalim as new administrator for Hiiran region, replacing Dabageed, and Saleyman Ahmed Hilawle was nominated as assistant administrator
[עריכה] אסקיבו (נהר)
נהר האסקיבו (Essequibo River) הוא הנהר הארוך ביותר בגיאנה, והגדול ביותר בין נהר האורינוקו ונהר האמזונס. הנהר מתחיל בהרי אקארי ליד הגבול בין ברזיל וגיאנה, וזורם צפונה למשך 1,000 קילומטרים דרך יערות וסוואנות עד שהוא נשפך לאוקיינוס האטלנטי 21 קילומטרים מג'ורג'טאון, עיר הבירה של גיאנה. שפכו של הנהר הוא ברוחב 20 קילומטרים, ו"מנוקד" באיים קטנים ורבים.
בין יובליו הרבים נמנים נהרות הרופונוני, הפוטארו, המאזארוני, הסיפארוני, הקיוויני והקויני. למשך יותר מ32 קילומטרים מפתח הנהר, ערוץ הנהר divided by the large flat and fertile islands of Leguan (בערך 18 מיילים מרובעים), Wakenaam (approximately 17 square miles), and Hog Island (about 22 square miles). Fort Island is situated off the eastern side of Hog Island. Fort Island was the seat of Government of the country during the Dutch colonial era.
הישוב האירופאי הראשון בגיאנה נבנה על ידי המתיישבים ההולנדיים ליד החלק הנמוך של האסקיבו ב1615. המתיישבים שמרו על קשרי ידידות עם האינדיאנים המקומיים שחיו באזור, שגידלו מטעים של סוכר וקקאו ליד הנהר.
באוגוסט 1995 שפכה חברת הכריה הקנדית קאמביור כארבעה מיליון ליטרים של חומצה לתוך הנהר, וגרמה להרס וחורבן רבים.
The river's name is said to come from an Arawak word meaning "hearth-stones". This is explained as being a reference to the Arawak custom of collecting stones from the river’s banks for their firesides.
Venezuela claims that the Essequibo is the true border between it and Guyana, claiming all territory west of it (Guayana Esequiba roughly 70% of Guyanese territory).
אסקיבו הוא גם שמה של מושבה הולנדית עתיקה שנתגלתה ב 1616 ונמצאת באזור של נהר האסקיבו שנהפך לאחר מכן לחלק מגיאנה הבריטית.
[עריכה] External links
קצרמר
[עריכה] נאורו
[עריכה] היסטוריה של נאורו
נאורו יושבה לראשונה על ידי קבוצות מיקרונזים ופולינזים לפני יותר מ3,000 שנים. בתחילה היו באי 12 שבטים, אשר יוצגו על ידי 12 כוכבים בדגל הלאומי. המקומיים קראו לאי "נאוראו" (Naoero) והשם הנוכחי "נאורו" נוצר כשיבוש של השם "נאוראו" שאותו דוברי האנגלית יכולים להגותו בקלות. Nauruans traced their descent on the female side. Naurans subsisted on coconut and pandanus fruit, and caught juvenile ibija fish, acclimated them to fresh water conditions and raised them in Buada Lagoon, providing an additional reliable source of food. Traditionally, only men were permitted to fish on the reef, and did so from canoes or by using trained man-of-war hawks.
צייד הלוויתנים הבריטי ג'ון פרן היה המערבי הראשון שהגיע לאי בשנת 1798, וקרא לאי בשם "Pleasant Island". בשנות השלושים של המאה ה-19 הנאורואנים יצרו לראשונה קשר עם ציידי לוויתנים וסוחרים ארופאים שנהגו לחדש את הספקתם באי. במקביל, החלו להתגורר באי עריקים וbeachcombers אירופאיים, שסחרו באוכל תמורת משקה טודי אלכוהולי ונשק קל. הנשק were used במלחמת השבטים בנאורו שהתחילה ב1878 ונמשכה 10 שנים. המלחמה גרמה להפחתה משמעותית באוכלוסית האי - מ1400 איש ל900 איש בלבד. The island was annexed by Germany in 1888 and incorporated into Germany's Marshall Islands Protectorate; they called the island Nawodo or Onawero. The arrival of the Germans ended the war; social changes brought about by the war established Kings as rulers of the island, the most widely known being King Auweyida. Christian missionaries from the Gilbert Islands also arrived at the island in 1888.[1]
Phosphate was discovered on the island in 1900 by prospector Albert Ellis and the Pacific Phosphate Company started to exploit the reserves in 1906 by agreement with Germany; they exported their first shipment in 1907.[2] Following the outbreak of World War I, the island was captured by Australian forces in 1914. After the war, the League of Nations gave the UK a trustee mandate over the territory, which it agreed to share with Australian and New Zealand in 1923.[3] The three governments signed a Nauru Island Agreement in 1919, creating a board known as the British Phosphate Commission (BPC), which took over the rights to phosphate mining.
Japanese forces occupied the island on August 26, 1942.[4] The Japanese-built airfield on the island was bombed in March 1943, preventing food supplies from reaching the island. The Japanese deported 1,200 Nauruans to work as labourers in the Chuuk islands, where 463 died.[5] The island was liberated on September 13 1945 when the Australian warship HMAS Diamantina approached the island and Japanese forces surrendered. Arrangements were made by the BPC to repatriate Nauruans from Chuuk, and they were returned to Nauru by the BPC ship Trienza in January 1946.[6] In 1947, a trusteeship was approved by the United Nations, and Australia, NZ and the UK again became trustees of the island. Nauru became self-governing in January 1966, and following a two-year constitutional convention, became independent in 1968, led by founding president Hammer DeRoburt. In 1967, the people of Nauru purchased the assets of the British Phosphate Commissioners, and in June 1970, control passed to the locally owned Nauru Phosphate Corporation. Income from the exploitation of phosphate gave Nauruans one of the highest living standards in the Pacific.
In 1989 the country took legal action against Australia in the International Court of Justice over Australia's actions during its administration of Nauru, in particular, Australia's failure to remedy the environmental damage caused by phosphate mining.[7] The action led to a sizeable out-of-court settlement to rehabilitate the mined-out areas of Nauru. Diminishing phosphate reserves has led to economic decline in Nauru, which has brought increasing political instability since the mid-1980s. Nauru had 17 changes of administration between 1989 and 2003.[8] Between 1999 and 2003, a series of no-confidence votes and elections resulted in two people, René Harris and Bernard Dowiyogo, leading the country for alternating periods. Dowiyogo died in office in March 2003 and Ludwig Scotty was elected President. Scotty was re-elected to serve a full term in October 2004.
In recent times, a significant proportion of the country's income has come in the form of aid from Australia. In 2001, the MV Tampa, a ship which had rescued 433[1] refugees (from various countries including Afghanistan) from a stranded 20-metre (65 ft) boat and was seeking to dock in Australia, was diverted to Nauru as part of the Pacific Solution. Nauru continues to operate the Nauru detention centre in exchange for Australian aid. In November 2005, Australian media reported that only two asylum seekers remained on Nauru,[9] however this had increased to eight detainees in February 2006.[10] The last detainee was accepted as a refugee by Sweden in December 2006.תבנית:Fact
