מתוך ויקיפדיה, האנציקלופדיה החופשית
Khnum
| Uniliteral signs |
| Sign |
Traditional transliteration |
Phonetic values per Allen (2000) |
| |
Say |
Notes |
Old Egyptian |
Middle Egyptian |
|
|
an Egyptian vulture |
ȝ |
a |
called aleph,
a glottal stop |
[l] or [ɾ] |
silent, [j], and [ʔ] |
|
|
a reed |
ỉ |
i/a |
called yodh |
an initial or final vowel; sometimes [j] |
|
|
a pair of reeds |
y |
y |
double yodh |
no record |
[j] |
|
|
pair of strokes
or river (?) |
|
|
an arm |
ʾ |
a |
called ayin,
a voiced pharyngeal fricative |
perhaps [d] |
[ʕ]; [d] perhaps retained in some words and dialects |
|
or
|
a quail chick or its
hieratic abbreviation |
w |
w/u |
called waw
|
[w] ~ [u] |
|
|
a lower leg |
b |
b |
|
[b] ~ [β] |
|
|
a reed mat or stool |
p |
p |
|
aspirated [pʰ] |
|
|
a horned viper |
f |
f |
|
[f] |
|
|
an owl |
m |
m |
|
[m] |
|
|
a ripple of water |
n |
n |
|
[n] |
[n], sometimes [l] |
|
|
a mouth |
r |
r |
|
see image |
[ɾ], sometimes [l]
(always [l] in some dialects) |
|
|
a reed shelter |
h |
h |
|
[h] |
|
|
a twisted wick |
ḥ |
h |
an emphatic h,
a voiceless pharyngeal fricative |
[ħ] |
|
|
a placenta |
ḫ |
kh |
a voiceless velar fricative |
[x] |
|
|
an animal belly with tail |
ẖ |
kh |
a softer sound,
a voiceless palatal fricative |
[ç] |
|
|
a folded cloth |
s |
s |
Old Egyptian sound for
"door bolt" is unknown,
but perhaps was z or th |
[s] |
[s] |
|
|
a door bolt |
[θ] |
or
or
|
a garden pool |
š |
sh |
|
[ʃ] |
|
|
slope of a hill |
ḳ or q |
k |
an emphatic k,
a voiceless uvular plosive |
ejective [qʼ] |
|
|
a basket with a handle |
k |
k |
|
aspirated [kʰ]
in some words, palatalized [kʲ] |
|
|
a jar stand |
g |
g |
|
ejective [kʼ] |
|
|
a bun |
t |
t |
|
aspirated [tʰ] |
|
|
a tethering rope |
ṯ or tj |
ch |
as in English church |
palatalized [tʲ] or [ʧ] |
|
|
a hand |
d |
d |
|
ejective [tʼ] |
|
|
a cobra |
ḏ or dj |
j |
as in English judge |
ejective [tʲ’] or [ʧʼ] |
Gardiner [1]lists several variations:
| Uniliteral signs |
| Sign |
Traditional transliteration |
Notes |
|
|
bag of linen |
g |
Appears in a few older words |
|
|
unknown |
m |
Originally bilateral im |
|
|
crown of Lower Egypt |
n |
Originally ideogram nt for 'crown of Lower Egypt' |
|
|
pestle |
t |
Originally bilateral ti |
[עריכה] Common biliteral Egyptian hieroglyphs
| Biliteral signs |
ȝw |
ȝb |
ȝḫ |
iw |
|
ib |
|
nw |
in |
ir |
|
|
|
ʾȝ |
|
ʾq |
ʾdj |
wȝ |
wa |
wp |
wn |
wr |
wdj |
bȝ |
bẖ |
pȝ |
pr |
pḥ |
|
|
mȝ |
mi |
mw |
mn |
mr |
mr |
ȝb |
mḥ |
ms |
mt |
|
|
md |
nb |
nm |
|
nḥ |
ns |
ndj |
rw |
rs |
ḥȝ |
ḥw |
ḥp |
|
ḥm |
ḥn |
ḥr |
|
ḥdj |
ḫȝ |
ḫʾ |
|
ḫt |
ḥȝ |
ḥn |
|
ḥr |
|
|
|
sȝ |
|
|
|
sn |
sk |
|
šȝ |
šw |
šm |
šn |
|
šd |
qs |
qd |
qȝ |
qm |
gm |
gs |
|
tȝ |
ti |
tp |
tp |
tm |
tjȝ |
|
|
di |
djȝ |
djw |
djr |
djd |
