String quartet

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The Juilliard String Quartet performing in 1963.

A string quartet is a musical ensemble of four string instruments — usually two violins, a viola and cello — or a piece written to be performed by such a group. The string quartet is one of the most prominent chamber ensembles in classical music.

1 Background
2 History
3 Important string quartets
4 String quartets (ensembles)
5 String Quartet Form
6 See also
7 Further reading
8 External links

[edit] Background

Although any combination of four string instruments can literally be called a "string quartet", in practice the term refers to a group consisting of two violins (the "first", which usually plays the melody line in the higher register of notes, and the "second" violin, which plays lower notes in harmony), one viola and one cello. Should a composer create music for four other string instruments — for instance, three violins and a bass, or violin, viola, cello and guitar — the instrumentation is indicated specifically. The standard string quartet is widely seen as one of the most important forms in chamber music, with most major composers, from the late 18th century onwards, writing string quartets.

A composition for four players of stringed instruments may be in any form, but traditionally, the term String Quartet (with or without a subtitle) was usually in four movements, with a large-scale structure similar to that of a symphony. The outer movements were typically fast, the inner movements in classical quartet consisting of a slow movement and a dance movement of some sort (e.g., minuet, scherzo, furiant), in either order. Despite some notable examples to the contrary, the twentieth century saw this structure being increasingly abandoned by composers, although substantial modifications to the typical structure were already achieved in Beethoven's later quartets.

Many other chamber groups can be seen as modifications of the string quartet, such as the piano quintet, which is a string quartet with an added piano; the string quintet, which is a string quartet with an extra viola, cello or double bass; the string trio, which contains one violin, a viola, and a cello; and the piano quartet, a string quartet with one of the violins replaced by a piano.

[edit] History

The form first came to be used after the middle of the 18th century. Joseph Haydn's first works for string quartet have five movements and resemble the divertimento (a title which they carried in some editions) or serenade, but the opus 9 quartets of 1769–70 are in the form which was to become standard both for Haydn and for other composers: four movements; a fast movement, a slow movement, a minuet and trio and a fast finale. Because his example helped codify a form that originated in the Baroque suite, Haydn is often referred to as "the father of the string quartet." Haydn occasionally played his quartets on social occasions in an impromptu quartet ensemble of which Mozart was also a member.

Ever since Haydn's day, the string quartet has been prestigious, and considered a true test of the classical composer's art. This may be partly due to the fact that the palette of sound is more restricted than with orchestral music, forcing the music to stand more on its own rather than relying on tonal color; or from the inherently contrapuntal tendency in music written for four equal instruments.

Quartet composition flourished in the Classical era, with both Mozart and Beethoven writing famous series of quartets to set alongside Haydn's. A slight slackening in the pace of quartet composition occurred in the 19th century; here, a curious phenomenon was seen in composers who wrote only one quartet, perhaps to show that they could fully command this hallowed genre. With the onset of the Modern era of classical music, the quartet returned to full popularity among composers, and played a key role in the development of Arnold Schoenberg, Bela Bartok, and Dmitri Shostakovich especially. Most recently, the quartets of Elliot Carter, which span the length of his long and illustrious career, have been highly admired.

[edit] Important string quartets

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Some of the most popular or widely acclaimed works for string quartet written between the 18th century and the 1980s, include:

Joseph Haydn's 68 string quartets, especially the inventive Op. 33 set of six and the six late Erdody Quartets, Op. 76.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's 23 string quartets: the six he dedicated to Haydn in particular (K. 387, 421, 428, 458, 464, 465, Opus 10) are often considered to be among the best of the "classical" quartet form.
The sixteen quartets of Ludwig van Beethoven are highly acclaimed and considered the most perfect among string quartets^{[citation needed]}. The String Quartets Nos. 1-6, Opus 18 are thought to demonstrate his total mastery of the classical string quartet as developed by Haydn and Mozart. The next three, the Razumovsky Quartets greatly expanded the form and incorporated a new degree of emotional sensitivity and drama. These were followed by Opus 74 "Harp" and Opus 95 "Serioso". Finally, the late quartets, which include his last five quartets and the Große Fuge, are the composer's last completed works. Though these works are widely considered to be among the greatest musical compositions ever written, their uncompromising intellectual complexity and their apparent rejection of the romantic pathos which pervades Beethoven's middle period both ensure that they remain considerably less popular than the Razumovsky quartets^{[citation needed]}.
Franz Schubert's String Quartet No. 14 in D Minor "Death and the Maiden". Also his String Quartet No. 13 in A Minor "Rosamunde" and his final String Quartet No. 15 in G Major
The six string quartets of Felix Mendelssohn, including his final String Quartet No. 6 composed after the death of his sister
The three string quartets of Robert Schumann
Peter Tchaikovsky's String Quartet No. 1 in D Major, Op. 11, especially the second movement "Andante cantabile."
Bedřich Smetana's String Quartet No. 1 in E Minor "From my Life"
The three quartets by Johannes Brahms
Antonín Dvořák's "American" String Quartet No. 12 in F Major
Alexander Borodin's String Quartet No. 2 in D Major, especially the third movement "Notturno."
Claude Debussy's String Quartet in G Minor, op. 10
The four string quartets by Arnold Schoenberg
Maurice Ravel's String Quartet in F Major
Jean Sibelius's Quartet in D minor "Voces intimae", Op.56
Leoš Janáček's String Quartet No. 1 "Kreutzer Sonata", inspired by Tolstoy's The Kreutzer Sonata, which in turn was inspired by Beethoven's Violin Sonata No. 9, the "Kreutzer Sonata."
Frank Bridge's String Quartet No. 3
The six string quartets by Béla Bartók
Alban Berg's Lyric Suite, originally composed for string quartet
Anton Webern's early Five Movements for String Quartet, Op. 5 and later serial String Quartet, op. 28
The eight surviving string quartets by Bohuslav Martinů (Nos. 1-7 and the unnumbered "Three Horsemen") as well as his Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra
The two string quartets by Sergei Prokofiev, the first one being commissioned by the Library of Congress
The fifteen string quartets of Dmitri Shostakovich, especially String Quartet No. 8 in C Minor, Op. 110
Elliott Carter's five string quartets are among the most widely acclaimed series in recent years
Samuel Barber's String Quartet Op. 11, especially the second movement, which is commonly heard in its string orchestra arrangement, the Adagio for Strings
György Ligeti's String Quartet No. 2 (1968)
Henri Dutilleux's Ainsi la Nuit (1976)

[edit] String quartets (ensembles)

For the purposes of performance, groups of string players sometimes group together to make ad hoc string quartets. Other groups continue playing together for many years, sometimes changing their members but retaining their name. Well-known string quartets can be found on the list of string quartet ensembles.

[edit] String Quartet Form

Perhaps the most influential of all String Quartet composers, Haydn, set out the main form for the String Quartet.

1st movement: Sonata Form, Allegro and in the tonic key,
2nd movement: Slow, in the Subdominant Key,
3rd movement: Minuet and Trio, in the Tonic Key,
4th movement: Sonata-Rondo form, in the Tonic Key.

(In the 19th century and onwards, this structure, tonal and otherwise, was increasingly abandoned.)

[edit] See also

[edit] Further reading

David Blum (1986). The Art of Quartet Playing: The Guarneri Quartet in Conversation with David Blum, New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc. ISBN 0-394-53985-0,
Arnold Steinhardt (1998).Indivisible by four, Farrar, Straus Giroux. ISBN 0-374-52700-8
Edith Eisler (2000). 21st-Century String Quartets, String Letter Publishing. ISBN 1-890490-15-6
Paul Griffiths (1983). The String Quartet: A History, New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-01311-X
David Rounds (1999), The Four & the One: In Praise of String Quartets, Fort Bragg, CA: Lost Coast Press. ISBN 1-882897-26-9.
Robin Stowell, ed (2003) The Cambridge Companion to the String Quartet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00042-4. A general guide to the history of string quartet ensembles, their repertory, and performance.