Stink bomb
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A stink bomb or stinkbomb is a device designed to create an unpleasant smell. They range in effectiveness from simple pranks to military grade or riot control chemical agents.
The most effective stink bombs are those that contain a mixture of several stenches of biological origins. The biological odors used – vomit, human waste, body odors, burnt hair, and rotting garbage – are found universally revolting by people of all cultures. A mixture of various odors is more effective over time than a single odor, because it is much easier to acclimate to individual smells; a mixture therefore lasts longer and offers a greater impact.
The Guinness Book of Records [1] lists two smelliest substances. One is the "US Government Standard Bathroom Malodor", a mixture of eight chemicals with stench resembling human feces, only much stronger, designed to test the efficacy of deodorizers and air fresheners. Another one, "Who me?", is a mixture of five sulfur-containing chemicals and smells like rotting food and carcasses. Dalton of Monell has combined the worst of the two to make "Stench Soup"[2].
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[edit] Range
At one end of the spectrum, relatively harmless stink bombs consist of ammonium sulfide, which smells strongly of rotten eggs. When exposed to air, the ammonium sulfide reacts with moisture, hydrolyzes, and a mixture of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia is released. Other popular substances on which to base stink bombs are thiols with lower molecular weight, e.g., methyl mercaptan and ethyl mercaptan—the chemicals that give odor to skunks and are added to natural gas. A variation on this idea is the scent bomb, or perfume bomb, filled with an overpowering "cheap perfume" smell.
Prank stink bombs and perfume bombs are usually sold as a 1- or 2-ml sealed glass ampoule, which can be broken by throwing against a hard surface or by crushing under one's shoe sole, thus releasing the odorous liquid contained therein. Other products come in small bottles from which they are to be applied to objects with a fine stream by squeezing the bottle. Another variety of prank stink bomb comprises two bags, one smaller and inside the other. The inner one contains a liquid and the outer one a powder. When the inner one is popped by squeezing it, the liquid reacts with the powder, producing hydrogen sulfide, which expands and pops the outer bag, releasing the putridity.
At the other end of the spectrum, the governments of Israel and the United States of America are developing stink bombs for use by their law enforcement agencies and militaries as riot control and area denial weapons. Using stink bombs for these purposes have advantages over traditional riot control agents: unlike pepper spray and tear gas, stink bombs are believed not to be dangerous, and they are effective at low concentrations.
[edit] Chemicals used
Typically, lower molecular weight volatile organic compounds are used. Generally the higher molecular weight for a given class of compounds, the lower volatility and initial concentration but the longer persistence. It should be noted that some chemicals (typically thiols) have a certain concentration threshold over which the smell is not perceived significantly stronger; therefore a lower-volatility compound is capable of providing comparable stench intensity to a higher-volatility compound, but for longer time. Another issue is the operating temperature, on which the compound's volatility strongly depends. Care should be taken as some compounds are toxic either in higher concentration or after prolonged exposure in low concentartion.
The most often encountered compounds are:
- Mercaptans
- Methanethiol (used rarely; it is a gas and therefore more difficult to handle than liquids)
- Ethanethiol deer urine
- Propanethiol
- Butanethiol, Eau de skunk
- Pentanethiol
- Other sulfur compounds
- Hydrogen sulfide, smelling of rotten eggs (Dangerous! This acid is as toxic as Hydrogen Cyanide)
- Ammonium sulfide, smells strongly of rotten eggs, it is an irritant liquid
- Carboxylic acids
- Propionic acid, smelling like sweat
- Butyric acid, strong foul smell, effective and long-lasting
- Valeric acid
- Caproic acid, smelling of cheese
- Aldehydes
- Amines
- Ethylamine, fishy smell
- Putrescine, smelling of rotten meat
- Cadaverine, smelling of rotten meat
- Heterocyclic compounds
[edit] Pop culture references
- In The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy, Billy made a homemade stink bomb. In Ed, Edd n Eddy, Eddy knows the secret recipe to the "El Mongo" stink Bomb. In The Simpsons episode 24 minutes, the bullies (Jimbo Jones, Dolph, and Kerney) planned to create a powerful stink bomb.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Trivedi , Bijal P. (January 7, 2002). U.S. Military Is Seeking Ultimate "Stink Bomb". National Geographic News
- McManners, Hugh. 18 (September 2004). Israelis invent stink bomb for riot control. The Independent
- North Shore 21 (February 2007).
