Spoken Finnish
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Spoken Finnish (suomen puhekieli) is the colloquial variant of the Finnish language often used in spoken language. This article deals with features of the spoken Finnish language, specifically the variant seen as dialectless. The "dialectless" variant is spoken in the Greater Helsinki capital region, and in urbanized areas in the Tavastian and Central Finland dialectal areas, such as the cities of Jyväskylä, Lahti, Hyvinkää, and Hämeenlinna.[citation needed] In addition, this applies also to the coastal cities, such as Vaasa and Porvoo1, which have been traditionally Swedish-speaking, and have experienced an influx of Finnish speakers from a variety of dialectal areas.
The standard language takes most of its features from these dialects, i.e. most "dialectal" features are reductions with respect to this form of language. The combination of the common spoken Finnish and a dialect gives a regional variant (aluepuhekieli), which has some local idiosyncrasies but is essentially similar to the common spoken Finnish.
The basics of Finnish needed to fully understand this article can be found in pages about Finnish phonology and Finnish grammar.
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[edit] Introduction
As in any language, the spoken version(s) of Finnish often vary from the written form. Some of these variations are due to speakers' inexactitude, but some aspects of spoken Finnish have different grammatical properties from written Finnish. Some of its constructs are either too "made up" (e.g. "soft D", cf. Finnish phonology), or too dialectal, e.g. hän (see below), for use in the spoken language. Furthermore, some very common and "accentless" sound changes are not reflected in the standard language, particularly fusion, liaison and some diphthong reductions.
There is also the problem that purists want to avoid irregularity regardless of actual usage. This has left some sound changes common in spoken language out from the standard language. There is a tendency to favor "more logical" constructs over easily pronounceable ones. This ideal does reflect spoken Finnish usage to a degree, as Finnish is demonstrably a conservative language with few reduction processes, but it is not entirely accurate. The problem of avoiding "irregularity" is most pronounced in spelling, where internal sandhi is not transcribed, because there is the idea that morphemes should be immutable. For example, the "correct" spelling is syönpä ("I'll eat"), even though the pronunciation is usually syömpä. The explanation is that -n- and -pä are in different morphemes. Just like the explanation that English boys is not spelled with a z is that they are in different morphemes.
There are also a number of grammatical forms which are used in written Finnish, but only very rarely in spoken. For example, there is a number of constructions using participles which are usually rendered analytically in speech. Some cases and moods are rarely constructive in spoken Finnish, e.g. the instructive and comitative cases and the potential mood. Some survive only in expressions.
On the other hand, spoken language has its own features rarely or never found in formal language. Most importantly, there is very common external sandhi, and some assimilatory sound changes. (On the contrary, there is no vowel reduction.) There are also grammatical innovations, such as question formation by simple word order, e.g. menet sä? vs. sä menet., "Do you go?" vs. "You go", respectively. In some variants (e.g. Vaasa, Kymenlaakso) of spoken Finnish -n kanssa is abbreviated into a clitic that is effectively a comitative case, e.g. -nkans or -nkaa.
[edit] Pronunciation
[edit] Reflexes of dental fricatives
The most common reflexes for old Finnish dental fricatives are /d/ for /ð/, and /ts/ or /t(t)/ for /θ(θ)/. For example, metsä, metsän or mettä, metän ← meθθä, meθän "forest, of the forest" and meidän < meiðän "ours". Loss of /d/ also occurs, e.g. meiän. These are seen as "accent-free" pronunciations. Dialects generally have different reflexes — in fact, the different reflexes are used as a distinguishing feature between different dialects. For more details, see Finnish phonology.
[edit] Word-final n
One important sound change, which has gone to completion in Estonian but occurs complicated in Finnish is mutation of word-final /n/ into a glottal stop /ʔ/, orthographically represented by an apostrophe. In some dialects, such as Savo, word-final /n/ is systematically replaced by /ʔ/, e.g. isä'iän ← isän ääni "father's voice". Both pronunciations can be heard in the Helsinki area. This means that the genitive/accusative form -n, which is very common in any form of Finnish, is simply noted by a glottal stop. However, this glottal stop undergoes sandhi whenever followed by consonant, or more often than not (see below).
[edit] Final vowels
In standard Finnish, there is a word-final /i/ is in some words, which can be reconstructed as consonant roots. This /i/ is not original in many cases, and it appears only by liaison when case endings are added. Also, in standard language, an "I-E mutation" is seen, where /i/ is used in the nominative and /e/ in some oblique forms (see Finnish phonology). This /i/ is "removed" or "added" according to the particular construction, and in spoken Finnish, a variety is seen.
- anteeksi — anteeks "sorry"
- yksi — yks "one", cf. yhden "of one"
- cf. tuli "fire", takki "jacket", nupi "tack", taksi "taxi", all unchanged
Particularly in Helsinki, the deletion of some, but not all word-final vowels even beyond /i/ occurs sometimes especially if no ambiguity results from its disappearance. This is a feature of Western Finnish dialects, found also in Savonian dialects and Estonian.
- mutta — mut "but"
- -sta — -st elative case, "away from the inside of"
[edit] Vowel clusters and diphthongs
Word-final vowel clusters ending in /a/ or /ä/ have much variation in dialects of Finnish. Especially in Helsinki they assimilate, where only the resulting chroneme marks the partitive in many words.
- puhun suomea — puhun suomee "I speak Finnish"
- pitkiä — pitkii "(some) long (things)"
An /eä/ or /ea/ cluster also appears in many adjectives:
- pimeä — pimee "dark"
In other areas of Finland, these clusters may have a different fate. Another common dialectal variant is the raising of /e/ to /i/ in the adjectives: pimiä. (Partitives are unaffected by this.) Some rarer versions of this suffix include -jä / -ja, -ie, and even -ii.
Similar to the diphthongization of older */ee öö oo/ to /ie yö uo/ (unchanged in Estonian), many eastern dialects of Finnish diphthongize also the long vowels /ää aa/ to /eä oa/. In Savonian dialects, these have shifted further on to /iä ua/.
[edit] Sandhi
A related phenomenon is the final consonant sandhi. It improves the rhythm of speech and allows the speech to not to "get stuck" to word boundaries, and because of this, may be heard even in formal language. When a word ends in a stressed mora, which ends in a vowel or an omittable consonant, the consonant beginning the next word is doubled and it connects the words. The two words end up being pronounced with auxiliary stress is on the syllables beginning the words. This is virtually never written down, except in dialectal transcriptions. For example, "Now it arrives! You go first":
- Nyt se tulee! Mene sinä ensin. (standard)
- Ny se tulee! Mee sä ensin. (spoken, usually spelled like this)
- Nysse tulee! Meessä ensin. (pronunciation in some forms of possibly dialectal spoken language)
If the consonant cannot be omitted without ambiguity, this does not happen. For example:
- Menetkö sinä ensin?
- Meeksä/meetsä ensin? = "Will you go first?"
The meaning would change, if the consonant was omitted:
- Mene sinä ensin.
- Meessä ensin. = "You go first."
Generally, you should notice that spoken Finnish is not neatly divided up into words as the spelling would suggest, due to other phonotactical sandhi effects. For example, regardless of word boundaries, np is always mp, nk is always ŋk (where ŋ is a velar nasal).
[edit] Personal pronouns
Some dialects have the full-length personal pronouns 'minä' and 'sinä', but most people use shorter equivalents, like these found in Greater Helsinki region:
- minä → mä
- sinä → sä
The root words are also shorter:
- minu- → mu-, e.g. minun → mun "my"
- sinu- → su-, e.g. sinun → sun "yours"
The third-person pronouns 'hän' ('he' or 'she') and 'he' ('they'), are commonly used in spoken language only in Southwestern Finland, and increasingly rarely also there. Elsewhere they are usually replaced by their non-personal equivalents - note that there is no pejorative sense in talking about people as 'it', unlike in English. Do note when speaking of animals, they are always called it, even in written Finnish.
- hän → se
- he → ne
For example, the sentence "Did he mistake me for you?" has these forms:
- Luuliko hän minua sinuksi?
- Luuliks se mua suks?
[edit] Numerals
Numerals 1-10 in colloquial spoken Finnish:
- yks (yksi)
- kaks (kaksi)
- kolme / kol
- neljä / nel
- viis (viisi)
- kuus (kuusi)
- seittemä(n) (seitsemän)
- kaheksa(n) (kahdeksan)
- yheksä(n) (yhdeksän)
- kymmene(n)
If one is forced to count fast then even shorter forms are used:
- yy
- kaa
- koo
- nee
- vii
- kuu
- sei / see
- kasi
- ysi
- kymppi
The numerals 1–9 have their own names, different from the cardinal numbers used in counting. Numbers that have longer names are often shortened in speech. This may be problematic for a foreigner to understand, if she/he has learned words by book:
- ykkönen (number one)
- kakkonen (number two)
- kolmonen (number three)
- nelonen (number four)
- viitonen (number five) (→ vitonen)
- kuutonen (number six) (→ kutonen)
- seitsemäinen (number seven) → seiska
- kahdeksainen / kahdeksikko (number eight) → kasi / kaheksikko
- yhdeksäinen / yhdeksikkö (number nine) → ysi / yheksikkö
The -kko suffix normally denotes a group of x people, but on 8 and 9, it doubles as a synonym for the numeral's name. Kahdeksikko is also used to describe a lemniscate-like shape.
The regular -Onen / -inen forms can additionally be used of objects with an ID number. For example, bus 107 is called sataseiska, and a competition winner is an ykkönen (not *sataseittemän or *yks.)
[edit] Verbs
The plural first ("we") and third ("they") persons are not used as in literary language. The forms used are not considered to be proper for written language, yet they are extensively used in spoken language. As noted in the Finnish grammar page, the passive form with a pronoun me "we", instead of a separate suffix -mme, is normally used in speech for first-person plural. This happens in all forms of the verb. The third person plural suffix -vat is not used in the spoken language; instead, the third person singular form, preceded by the pronoun ne "they", is used. Therefore, the full present-tense paradigm of puhua "to speak" in everyday speech is:
- mä puhun (spoken) — minä puhun (standard)
- sä puhut — sinä puhut
- se puhuu — hän puhuu
- me puhutaan — me puhumme
- te puhutte — te puhutte
- ne puhuu — he puhuvat
Some frequently used short verbs have abbreviated (irregular) oblique forms. In Finnish, verbs have an infinitive form, marked with -ta and used in the infinitive, and an oblique form, which is used in personal forms. Consonant gradation and assimilation of the 't' in -ta may be applied. In the standard language, the correspondence between the two is always regular. In spoken language, some verbs have assimilated oblique forms, while retaining the regular infinitive:
| engl. | I inf. | imp. | irreg. imp. |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | olla | ole | oo |
| go | mennä | mene | mee |
| come | tulla | tule | tuu |
| put | panna | pane | paa |
For example, these forms, as such, are represented by the imperatives:
- Mene tai tule, mutta pane se ovi kiinni ja ole hiljaa (standard)
- Mee tai tuu, mut paa se ovi kii ja oo hiljaa. (word-by-word) "Go or come, but put the door closed and be quiet."
To demonstrate the use of the personal form, the reply is:
- Meen tai tuun, paan oven kii ja oon hiljaa ("I will go or come, put the door closed and be quiet").
The infinitives are unchanged, as in:
- Mennä tai tulla, panna ovi kii ja olla hiljaa ("To go or to come, to put the door closed and to be quiet").
[edit] Questions
In everyday speech, the -ko/kö suffix has the -s clitic added, becoming -kos/kös, which in turn reduces to -ks:
- olenko minä hengissä? → oonksmä hengis? "am I alive?"
- puhutko sinä englantia? → puhutsä englantii? or puhuksä englantii? "do you (sg.) speak English?"
- tuliko hän jo? → tulikse jo? (via tuliko se jo?) "did he/she come yet?"
The clitic -s is also found in imperatives, e.g. menes "(I expect you to) go!" In e.g. the Helsinki area, the -tkö elides not to -ks, but -t before a 's', e.g. menetkö sä ? menet sä. Because this is identical to sä menet except for the word order, questions are indicated by word order.
[edit] Possessive suffix
Spoken language has a different grammar for the possessive suffix. For direct addresses, save for one form it is not used, so that the pronoun cannot be omitted. Even in the second-person singular, the pronoun is virtually never omitted. In contrast, in the literary language, the pronoun is optional and typically omitted.
| Formal | Spoken | English |
|---|---|---|
| (minun) taloni | mun talo | my house |
| (sinun) talosi | sun talo(s)/talos | your (sg) house |
| (hänen) talonsa | sen talo | his/her house |
| (meidän) talomme | meiän talo | our house |
| (teidän) talonne | teiän talo | your (pl) house |
| (heidän) talonsa | niitten/niien talo | their house |
Here, the pronoun of the literary form is also shown.
Notice one fact: Finnish has no possessive adjectives. The pronouns are regularly inflected, like if "I's house", "you's house", "we's house".
However, the suffixes -s, -nsa and -nne are used to avoid repeating a pronoun, e.g. "He took his hat and left" is Se otti lakkinsa ja lähti. (The incorrect word-by-word translation from English *Se otti sen lakin ja lähti would mean "He took the hat and left".)
[edit] Omission of the negative verb
When a negative sentence is formed, the main verb goes into the imperative mood and gives all of its inflections to the negative verb ei, e.g. tuemme → emme tue. Usually the word mitään ("anything") and an expletive is added to the sentence. This means that even if the negative verb ei is left out, the meaning is indicated by this context. For example:
- Ei se mitään osaa. "He doesn't know anything."
- Se mitään osaa. "He know anything." ("doesn't" omitted)
Usually this construction indicates mistrust or frustration. (There is a less than serious text calling this aggressiivi.) However, it can be a neutral negative statement: Tästä artikkelista mitään opi (From this article, you don't learn anything).
[edit] Important regional variations
Linguists such as Mielikäinen argue that the dialects of Finnish have been considerable homogenized by 20th century developments of urbanization and other internal population movements to the point that "pure" dialects have disappeared. "Local spoken languages" have developed from standard Finnish to give variety with essentially standard Finnish structure but with some local features. Considerable stigma has been associated with dialects (accurately or not) perceived as rural in the 20th century. People who have moved to the city have adopted a variety resembling standard Finnish, which has been imposed upon dialect speakers by the school, the military and the employers.
- Breaking up some consonant clusters on syllable boundaries with an epenthetic vowel. This is a feature of several dialects, such as those of Ostrobothnia and Savonia: The neutral vowel is the same as the preceding vowel. For example, juhla → juhula "celebration", salmi → salami "strait", palvelu → palavelu "service", halpa → halapa "cheap", äffä → ähävä (via ähvä) "letter F". Pairs of dissimilar consonants with /l/ or /h/ (in Savo, also /n/) as the first consonant are subject to epenthesis; other clusters or geminates are not. However, a strong epenthetic vowel is seen as dialectal, and in Helsinki and urbanized areas, indicates origins "in the countryside" (since for Helsinki people, everything but Helsinki is rural).
- Tavastian dialects are diverse because other, surrounding dialects have influenced them. The following features are all found in Finnish spoken in Helsinki, and many of them occur also in some other Tavastian dialects.
- Word sillai "in that way", which is usually something else like silleen elsewhere.
- Partitive plurals ending -ja/-jä in generic Finnish become -i, and likewise the partitive plural -ia/-iä simplifies to -ii: märkiä takkeja → märkii takkei "wet jackets". (also in Nurmijärvi, Kotka)
- The first infinitive, e.g. juosta "to run", is replaced by the third-person form juoksee "runs" by some speakers. For example, standard Voisitko sinä juosta hakemaan sen becomes Voisitsä juoksee hakeen sen "Could you run to get it". This form is probably historically speaking not the third-person form, but the colloquial, shortened form juokseen of the third infinitive form juoksemaan, which exhibites a tendency to oust the first infinitive even in the formal language, cf. the old dispute, whether alkaa juoksemaan ("to start running") should be allowed in the formal language or not (the current norm is still alkaa juosta with the first infinitive). (also in Tuusula and Nurmijärvi)
- Abbreviations are common in Finnish spoken in the Southern coast of Finland. Final syllables in frequently used words may erode, like sitten → sit, mutta → mut. Case endings might be abbreviated, usually by the loss of the final vowel, e.g. siltä → silt. (If a geminate would be "left dangling" at the end of the word, it becomes a single consonant, e.g. talossa → *taloss → talos.)
- Helsinki also has a local slang, containing foreign loanwords which may be unintelligible to people from other parts of Finland. Some slang words have spread to the spoken language of youngsters elsewhere in Finland.
- Tampere is also in the area of Tavastian dialects.
- Occasional flapping or deletion of intervocalic "L"; the resulting sound is orthographically nil: kyllä siellä olisi → kyä siä ois. This is seen even in the accentless form oisko ← standard olisiko.
- Karelia: minä → mie, sinä → sie
- Southwestern dialects
- Abbreviation occurs very often.
- In Turku: minä → mää, sinä → sää
- A unique characteristic of Turku dialect is the "S" imperfect tense, where an 's' is added before the final i, e.g., sattui → sattusi.
- Savonia: some pronoun changes, me → myö, and te → työ. Notice that the Savo dialect has complicated changes in grammar, vowels and consonants compared to the standard language, e.g. eilen → öylen, meni → mänj (palatalization), omaa rataansa → ommoo rattoosa. The Savo dialect is the largest single dialect, and as such, has variants that differ significantly.
- Ostrobothnia: Consonant clusters with -j- are not allowed, so that a -i- is pronounced instead, e.g. kirja → kiria. Minor vowel changes, for example, taloa → talua. Particularly, the half-long vowels (found in word-final codaless single-vowel syllables) are lengthened into full-blown long vowels, as in iso → isoo. The sound D is completely replaced with R, which produces problems such as that there is almost no contrast between veden (of water) and veren (of blood). There exists a small contrast difference that can be distinguished by people who actually live there, but from other people's view there is no difference. Usually the R replacing D is a bit shorter than actual R is, and you can also distinguish between R and D with other words surrounding the word.
- Vaasa, Ostrobothnia, to an extent generic Finnish, too: Many frequently used expressions become clitics - this is optional, though. E.g. pronouns become clitics for the negative verb ei and for the verb "to be". In this table, the apostrophe (') is something between a full J and no sound at all.
| Written | Spoken | Written example | Spoken example |
|---|---|---|---|
| minä | m' | minä olen, minä en, minä en ole | moon, men, mäen o |
| sinä | s' | sinä olet, sinä et, sinä et ole | soot, säet, säet o |
| hän | s' | hän on, hän ei, hän ei ole | son, sei, sei'oo |
| me | m' | me olemme, me emme, me emme ole | mollaan, mei, mei'olla |
| te | t' | te olette, te ette, te ette ole | tootte, tette, tette oo |
| he | n' | he ovat, he eivät, he eivät ole | noon, nei, nei'oo |
One small detail, which irritates people from other places to no end, is that the word kuka ("who") is replaced by its partitive form, ketä ("at who"), e.g. Ketä siellä oli? ("Who was there?") Other unusual question pronouns are mihinä (std. missä, "where") and mihkä (std. mihin, "into where"). Here, the word mihinä uses the ancient Finnish locative currently known as the essive case, instead of the standard specialized locative inessive case.
[edit] References
- Aila Mielikäinen, Marjatta Palander. Suomalaisten murreasenteista. [1]PDF (182 KiB)
- Aila Mielikäinen. Puhekielen varieteetteja.PDF (33.9 KiB)
- Heikki Paunonen. Suomi Helsingissä.PDF (547 KiB)
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Finnish regional dialects
- IsooSormus.net - Sormusten herra Etelä-Pohojammaan murtehella - The Lord of the Rings in Southern Pohjanmaa dialect
- Savo kaekuu keskellä mualimoo ja näkkyy Internetissä - A text about how Savonian people speak, in the respective dialect.
- Some Features of the Vernacular Finnish of Jyväskylä
