Spitalfields
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Spitalfields | |
  Spitalfields shown within Greater London |
|
| OS grid reference | |
|---|---|
| London borough | Tower Hamlets |
| Ceremonial county | Greater London |
| Region | London |
| Constituent country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | LONDON |
| Postcode district | E1 |
| Dialling code | 020 |
| Police | Metropolitan |
| Fire | London |
| Ambulance | London |
| European Parliament | London |
| London Assembly | City and East |
| List of places: UK • England • London | |
Spitalfields is an area in the borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London, near to Liverpool Street station and Brick Lane. Its name is a contraction of 'hospital fields', in reference to "The Priory of Canons, and Hospital for poor brethren, of the Order of St Austin", founded here in 1197 (later refounded as The New Hospital of our Lady without Bishopgate).
The area is home to two markets, the historic Old Spitalfields Market, founded in the 17th century, and the Brick Lane Market on Brick Lane and Cheshire Street.
Contents |
[edit] History
Spitalfields was the location of one of Roman London's large extramural cemeteries, situated to the east of the Bishopsgate thoroughfare, which roughly follows the line of Ermine Street: the main highway to the north from Londinium.
The presence of a Roman cemetery here was noticed by the antiquarian John Stow as far back as 1576 and became the focus of a major archaeological excavation in the 1990s, following the redevelopment of Spitalfields Market. Perhaps the most spectacular find was the discovery in 1999 of a sarcophagus containing the remains of a high status, silk clad, Roman lady, complete with jet accessories and a unique glass phial.[1][2]
In the 12th century the former Roman cemetery became the site of the Priory and Hospital of St Mary Spital. This was one of the biggest hospitals in medieval England and was the focus of a large medieval cemetery which included a stone charnel house and mortuary chapel. This latter has recently been uncovered by archaeologists and preserved for public viewing. The Priory and Hospital were dissolved in 1539 under Henry VIII. Although the chapel and monastic buildings were mostly demolished the area of the inner precinct of the priory maintained an autonomous administrative status as the liberty of Norton Folgate. The adjacent outer precincts of the priory, to the south, were re-used as an Artillery Ground and placed under the special jurisdiction of the Tower of London as one of the Tower liberties.[3]
Spitalfields' historic association with the silk industry was established by French Protestant (Huguenot) refugees who settled in this area after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). By settling here, outside the bounds of the City of London, they hoped to avoid the restrictive legislation of the City Guilds. The late 17th and 18th century saw an estate of well appointed terraced houses, built to accommodate the master weavers controlling the silk industry, and grand urban mansions built around the newly created Spital Square. Christ Church, Spitalfields on Fournier Street, designed by the architect Nicholas Hawksmoor, was built during the reign of Queen Anne to demonstrate the power of the established church to the dissenting Huguenots. More humble weavers dwellings were congregated in the Tenterground[4]
Old Spitalfields Market, which receives 20,000 visitors every Sunday, was founded on 29 July 1682 on an undeveloped part of the fields. Construction began in 1684. The market was originally for both meat and vegetables, though by the 19th century the meat market had disappeared and fruit and vegetables became the staple product sold. In 1991 the wholesale fruit and vegetable market moved to New Spitalfields Market in Leyton. The originally open site was converted into a covered market 1875-93 by Robert Horner and further redeveloped by the Corporation of London 1920-1935.[5]
In the 19th century the textile industry first established by the Huguenots attracted a large population of Jewish refugees drawn to live and work in the area. Irish weavers were also attracted here. By this time, the old merchant dwellings had degenerated into multi-occupied slums and Spitalfields became a by-word for urban deprivation. By 1832, concern of a London cholera epidemic, led The Poor Man's Guardian (18 February 1832) to write of Spitalfields:
The low houses are all huddled together in close and dark lanes and alleys, presenting at first sight an appearance of non-habitation, so dilapidated are the doors and windows:- in every room of the houses, whole families, parents, children and aged grandfathers swarm together.
By the later 19th century inner Spitalfields had eclipsed rival claimants to the dubious distinction of being the worst criminal rookery of London with common lodging-houses in the Flower and Dean Street area being a focus for the activities of robbers and prostitutes. The latter street was dubbed in 1881 as being "perhaps the foulest and most dangerous street in the metropolis".[6] Endemic crime, poverty and prostitution in this area was highlighted by the sanguinary activities of the serial killer known as Jack the Ripper, here, in the autumn of 1888, which prompted the demolition of some of the worst streets of the area 1891-94.[7] Deprivation, however, continued and was brought to notice by social commentators such as Jack London in his The People of the Abyss (1903). He highlighted 'Itchy Park', next to Christ Church, Spitalfields, as a notorious rendezvous for homeless vagrants.
In the later 20th century the Jewish presence diminished, to be replaced by an influx of Bangladeshi immigrants, who also worked in the local textile industry and made Brick Lane the curry capital of London.
Another development, from the 1960s onwards, has been a campaign to save the housing stock of old merchant terraces to the west of Brick Lane from demolition. Many have been conserved by exponents of a 'New Georgian' ethos, such as the architect and TV pundit Dan Cruickshank. Such gentrification has, however, caused massive inflation in house prices and the removal of the last of the vagrants from this area.[8]
Current 'urban regeneration' has also seen the erection of large modern office blocks, between Bishopsgate and Spitalfields Market. These represent, in effect, an expansion of the City of London, northwards, beyond its traditional bounds, into this area. However, a rear-guard action by conservationists has resulted in the preservation of Old Spitalfields Market and the provision of shopping, leisure amenities and a new plaza behind the city blocks.[8]
[edit] Art scene
The area is well known for its arts scene. Whitechapel Art Gallery is located at the bottom of Brick Lane, and amongst the many well known artists living in Spitalfields are Gilbert and George, Tracey Emin, and Stuart Brisley.
TV presenter, architecture expert and Georgian fanatic, Dan Cruickshank was both an active campaigner for Spitalfields, and continues to live in the area. Dennis Severs foreswore modern comforts at 18 Folgate Street, living a unique life. The house, a time capsule of the 18th century, is now open to the public.
Writer Jeanette Winterson turned a derelict Georgian house into an organic food shop, Verde's, as part of the Slow Food movement.
[edit] In literature
Spitalfields figures in many classic and contemporary works of literature, which reflect its sense of mystery and its fascinating multicultural heritage, including:
- Children of the Ghetto (1893) by Israel Zangwill
- The People of the Abyss (1903), the journalistic memoir by Jack London
- Hawksmoor (1985) by Peter Ackroyd
- The Satanic Verses (1988) by Salman Rushdie
- City of the Mind (1991) by Penelope Lively
- Downriver (1991) by Iain Sinclair
- Rodinsky's Room (1999) by Iain Sinclair and Rachel Lichtenstein
- The PowerBook (2000) by Jeanette Winterson
- Brick Lane (2003) by Monica Ali
[edit] In film
19th century Spitalfields was recreated as the setting for the film From Hell about Jack the Ripper. This included a reconstruction (in Prague) of the notorious Ten Bells pub (still extant on Commercial Street): alleged to have been a rendezvous of some of the Ripper's prostitute victims, before they were murdered. In the film Johnny Depp (as Inspector Abberline) is seen drinking there with Ripper victim Mary Jane Kelly.
[edit] Notable people associated with Spitalfields
- Tracey Emin
- Gilbert & George
- Basil Henriques, for whom Henriques Street (formerly Berner Street) is named.
- Dennis Severs
- Dan Cruickshank
- Jeremy Bentham, philosopher
- Jack Sheppard, highwayman and multiple absconder
- Sir Benjamin Truman, brewer
- Mary Wollstonecraft (born, possibly at 21 Hanbury Street[9])
- Obadiah Shuttleworth (d.1734), musician
- Jack the Ripper
- Annie Chapman, victim of Jack the Ripper, body found at 29 Hanbury Street[9]
- Mary Jane Kelly, possible victim of Jack the Ripper, lived, and murdered, at 13 Millers Court, just off Dorset Street
[edit] See also
- Bethlem Royal Hospital
- Spitalfield Riots
- Old Truman Brewery - The Black Eagle Brewery on Brick Lane, and into surrounding streets.
- Spitalfields Festival
- List of schools in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
[edit] References
- ^ Thomas, Christopher [2004]. Life and death in London's East End: 2000 years at Spitalfields. Museum of London Archaeology Service, pp. 7-29. ISBN 1-901992-49-7.
- ^ Discovering people at Spitalfields market
- ^ Thomas: pp. 30-75
- ^ Thomas: pp. 76-95
- ^ Thomas: pp. 96-97
- ^ White, Jerry (2007-01-04). London in the Nineteenth Century: A Human Awful Wonder of God. Jonathan Cape, p. 323. ISBN 978-0224062725.
- ^ White: p. 331
- ^ a b Taylor, William (2001-05-24). This Bright Field: A Travel Book in One Place. Methuen Publishing. ISBN 978-0413746900.
- ^ a b (ed.) Sheppard, F. H. W. [1957]. 'The Wood-Michell estate: Hanbury Street west of Brick Lane' Survey of London: volume 27 - Spitalfields and Mile End New Town, pp. 189-193. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
- Thomas, Sloane and Phillpotts (1997) Excavations at the Priory and Hospital of St Mary Spital, London. Museum of London: London
[edit] External links
- London Metropolitan University East End Archive: The Paul Trevor Collection - photographs of the Spitalfields area from the 1970s to the 1990s.
- The Priory of St Mary Spital
- spitalfields.org TH Council website
- Spitalfields City Farm
- 19 Princelet Street Unrestored Huguenot Master weaver's house, with synagogue. Rarely open to the public at present, but eventually to become a museum of immigration & diversity.
- Dennis Severs' House 18th century time capsule
- Nighttime photos of Spitalfields, Whitechapel, etc.; a German language website, but mostly photos
- Kinetica Museum
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