Scar literature
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| Scar literature | |||||||
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| Traditional Chinese: | 傷痕文學 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese: | 伤痕文学 | ||||||
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Scar literature or literature of the wounded (Chinese: 伤痕文学, shānghén wénxué) is a genre of Chinese literature which emerged in the late 1970s, soon after the death of Mao Zedong, portraying the sufferings of cadres and intellectuals during the the tragic experiences of the Cultural Revolution and the rule of the Gang of Four.[1] The first exemplar of the genre is generally agreed to be Lu Xinhua's 1978 story "Scar", which attacked official hypocrisy and corruption.[2] Liu Xinwu's 1977 short story "The Class Teacher" (班主任) has also been described as the pioneer of scar literature, though this assessment is disputed.[3] Most of the representative authors were in their thirties and forties at the time; they worked as salaried writers and editors, and published their works in state-sponsored literary journals.[4] The moral outrage they expressed in their works resonated with the public, contributing to its popularity.[5]
The growth of scar literature corresponded with the Beijing Spring, a period of greater openness in Chinese society; scar literature has even been described as a "second Hundred Flowers Movement".[6] Though scar literature focuses on trauma and oppression, and has been described as largely negative, love and faith remained its major themes; its practitioners were typically not opposed to Communism, but on the converse retained faith in the ability of the Party to rectify past tragedies, and "embraced love as a key to solving social problems".[7] Regardless, though their writing was hailed as marking a revival of the tradition of socialist realism in the arts, it in fact represented a break from the socialist tradition, as it was no longer subject to party control, and was not under an obligation to serve the purpose of political education for the masses.[8]
However, scar literature did not entirely receive a free pass from the Party establishment; due to its criticisms of the Communist Party and of Mao himself, as well as its exposure of social problems, it came under attack by conservatives as early as 1979. Events such as the trial of Wei Jingsheng signalled writers that there were limits to the open discussion of the past errors of the Party, and after the end of the trial of the Gang of Four, the political climate chilled significantly.[9] Eventually, the government began to crack down on scar literature as part of a wider campaign against "bourgeois liberalism"[10] Deng Xiaoping himself provided major support for the campaign, even though his return to Chinese politics after his earlier disgrace and his political victory over rival Hua Guofeng relied heavily on the repudiation of ultra-leftist Maoism inherent in scar literature, and its influence on public opinion.[11][12] The campaign against scar literature was itself unusual in that, unlike earlier campaigns against liberalism, official criticisms were generally limited to attacks on its content, rather than denunciations of individuals.[13]
Not all works by authors who lived through the Cultural Revolution can be classified as scar literature. Zhang Chengzhi in particular is notable for his idealism regarding his experiences during the Cultural Revolution; his works such as Black Stallion and Rivers of the North have been described as rebuttals to the "negativism of scar literature".[14]
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
[edit] Sources
- Berry, Chris (2004). Postsocialist Cinema in Post-Mao China: The Cultural Revolution After the Cultural Revolution. Routledge. ISBN 0415947863.
- Chen, Xiaoming (1996). "The Disappearance of Truth: From Realism to Modernism in China". In the Party Spirit: Socialist Realism and Literary Practice in the Soviet Union, East Germany, and China: 158-166, Rodopi. ISBN 905183957X.
- Chen, Ruoxi; Goldblatt, Howard; Ing, Nancy (2004). The Execution of Mayor Yin and Other Stories from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253216907.
- Harding, Harry (1987). China's Second Revolution: Reform After Mao. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815734611.
- McDougall, Bonnie S.; Kam, Louie (1997). The Literature of China in the Twentieth Century. C. Hurst and Co.. ISBN 1850652856.
- Liu, Jianmei (2003). Revolution Plus Love: Literary History, Women's Bodies, and Thematic Repetition in Twentieth-Century China. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824825861.
- Siu, Helen F.; Stern, Zelda (1983). Mao's Harvest: Voices from China's New Generation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195034996.
- Watson, Andrew (1992). Economic Reform and Social Change in China. Routledge. ISBN 0415069734.
- White, Lynn (1996). Local Causes of China's Intellectual, Legal, and Governmental Reforms. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765601494.
- Xie, Xinhua (2000). "《班主任》不是伤痕文学 ("'The Class Teacher' is not scar literature")". The Journal of the Teacher's College, Qingdao University 17.
