Hua Guofeng
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| 华国锋 Hua Guofeng |
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| In office 1976 – 1981 |
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| Preceded by | Mao Zedong |
| Succeeded by | Hu Yaobang |
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| In office 1976 – 1980 |
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| Preceded by | Zhou Enlai |
| Succeeded by | Zhao Ziyang |
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| In office 1976 – 1981 |
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| Preceded by | Mao Zedong |
| Succeeded by | Deng Xiaoping |
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| Born | February 16, 1921 Jiaocheng, Shanxi |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Political party | Communist Party of China |
| Spouse | Han Zhijun 韩芝俊 |
| Religion | Atheist |
Hua Guofeng (simplified Chinese: 华国锋; traditional Chinese: 華國鋒; pinyin: Huà Guófēng; Wade-Giles: Hua Kuo-feng, born February 16, 1921 as Su Zhu (simplified Chinese: 苏铸), was Mao Zedong's designated successor as the paramount leader of the Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China. Upon Zhou Enlai's death in 1976, he succeeded him as Premier of the People's Republic of China. Months later, Mao died, and Hua succeeded Mao as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China, to the surprise and dismay of Jiang Qing and the rest of the Gang of Four. He brought the Cultural Revolution to an end and ousted the Gang of Four from political power, but because of his insistence on continuing the Maoist line, he was himself outmaneuvered a few years later by Deng Xiaoping, who forced Hua into early retirement.
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[edit] Early life
Born in Jiaocheng, Shanxi province, Hua was born with the name Su Zhu (蘇鑄). He joined the Communist Party of China (CCP) in 1938 as a part of counter-Japanese resistance, after having joined the Long March in 1936.[1] Like many Communists of the era who took on revolutionary names, he changed his name to Hua Guofeng as an abbreviation of "Zhonghua kangri jiuguo xianfengdui" (中華抗日救國先鋒隊, Chinese Resistance Nation-saving Vanguard). After having served in the 8th Route Army during 12 years under General Zhu De's command,[1] he became propaganda chief for the county Party committee in 1947.
Hua moved with the PLA to Hunan in 1949 and remained there as a local official until 1971. In 1952, he was appointed secretary of Xiang-tan Special District, which included Mao's hometown, Shaoshan. In this role, he built a memorial hall dedicated to Mao. When Mao visited the site, in June 1959, he was favorably impressed.[2]
Hua participated in the 1959 Lushan Conference as a member of the Hunan Provincial Party delegation, and wrote two investigative reports defending communes and the Great Leap Forward. Shortly thereafter, he was named provincial party secretary.[3] He was elected a Full member of the 9th Central Committee in 1969.
[edit] Rise to power
Hua was called to Beijing to direct Zhou Enlai's State Council staff office in 1971, but only stayed for a few months before returning to his previous post in Hunan.[4] Later that year, he was appointed as the junior-most person of the seven-member committee investigating the Lin Biao Affair. Hua was re-elected to the 10th Central Committee in 1973 and elevated to membership in the Politburo. He became minister of public security in 1975 but was also chosen to deliver a speech on modernizing agriculture in October of that year which echoed the views of Zhou Enlai.[5]
Zhou Enlai died on January 8th, 1976, at a time when Deng Xiaoping's moderate alliance was not yet strong enough to stand up to both the ailing Mao Zedong and his Cultural Revolution allies, the Gang of Four (Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan). After reading the late premier's eulogy a week later, Deng left Beijing along with several close allies for the relative safety of Guangzhou.[6]
As a compromise, Hua Guofeng was named as Premier on February 8th. At the same time, the leftist-controlled media began denouncing Deng once again (he had been purged during the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution, and was only returned to power in 1973). Popular affection for Zhou was underestimated, however, leading to a confrontation between the radicals' militia allies and Beijing citizens seeking to honor Zhou during the traditional Qingming festival.
During the Tiananmen Incident of 1976, thousands of people protested at the militia's removal of wreaths honoring Zhou from in front of the Monument to the People's Heroes. Vehicles were burned, offices ransacked and there were reports of many injuries but no deaths.[7] In the aftermath, Deng Xiaoping was blamed for inciting the protests and stripped of all his party and government posts. Shortly thereafter, Hua was elevated to 1st Vice Chairman of the CCP and Acting Premier.
Hua Guofeng assumed the post of Chairman of the CCP and the Military Affairs Commission upon the death of Mao Zedong. On October 12th, anti-Gang of Four leaders in the armed forces executed a coup d'etat and arrested Jiang Qing and her followers.
[edit] Chairman
During his relatively short leadership, Hua was credited for quickly ousting the Gang of Four from political power and thus became the leader whose emergence marked the end of the Cultural Revolution as currently dated. Hua's economic and political program involved the restoration of Soviet-style industrial planning and party control similar to that followed by China before the Great Leap Forward. However, this model was rejected by supporters of Deng Xiaoping who argued for a more market based economic system. This argument was decisively resolved in Deng's favor in 1978, which is generally taken as the start of the era of Chinese economic reform. Hua also attempted reforming state protocol as a method of elevating his prestige. In 1977 all party meetings were to hang portraits of Mao and Hua side-by-side, including the National People's Congress and CPC Party Congress meetings. All schools were required to hang Hua's picture next to Mao's. Hua also changed the Chinese national anthem to incorporate Mao Zedong, as the tone switched from being war-rallying to purely communist propaganda. These lyrics would eventually be rejected.
[edit] Ousting
As Deng Xiaoping gradually gained control over the CCP, Hua was denounced for promoting the Two Whatevers policy and replaced by Zhao Ziyang as Premier in 1980, and by Hu Yaobang as Party Chairman in 1981. Hua gave self-criticism sessions and eventually renounced the Two Whatevers policy as a mistake. Both Zhao and Hu were protégés of Deng who were dedicated to Chinese economic reform. Hua Guofeng was demoted to junior Vice Chairman, and when this post was abolished in 1982 he remained as an ordinary member of the Central Committee, a position which he held until the 16th Party Congress of November 2002 despite having passed the designated retirement age of seventy in 1991.
The ousting of Hua was significant in at least two respects. First it demonstrated the unimportance of official titles in the Chinese Communist Party during the late-1970s and early-1980s. Despite being the official leader of the party, the state, and the army, Hua was unable to defeat a leadership challenge by Deng Xiaoping. Second, Hua's ousting helped establish a norm within the PRC that political leaders who lost a power struggle would not be physically harmed or jailed, in contrast to the situations both during the Cultural Revolution and afterwards with the Gang of Four.
In early 2002, Hua officially lost his seat on the Central Committee of the CCP.[8] He was, however, invited to the 17th Party Congress in 2007 as a special delegate.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b Palmowski, Jan: "Hua Guofeng" in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. Oxford University Press, 2004.
- ^ Wang, James C.F., Contemporary Chinese Politics: An Introduction (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey: 1980), p. 36.
- ^ ibid
- ^ ibid
- ^ ibid, p. 37
- ^ Hollingworth, Clare, Mao and the Men Against Him (Jonathan Cape, London: 1985), p. 291ff
- ^ ibid, p. 297-98
- ^ Pakistan Daily Times Article. Daily Times. Retrieved on February 10, 2005.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Li Yuan |
Governor of Hunan 1970 – 1977 |
Succeeded by Mao Zhiyong |
| Preceded by Li Zhen |
Minister of Public Security 1973 – 1977 |
Succeeded by Zhao Cangbi |
| Preceded by Zhou Enlai |
Premier of the State Council 1976 – 1980 |
Succeeded by Zhao Ziyang |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Wang Yanchun |
Secretary of the CPC Hunan Committee 1967 – 1970 |
Succeeded by Li Yuan |
| Preceded by Li Yuan |
Secretary of the CPC Hunan Committee 1970 – 1977 |
Succeeded by Mao Zhiyong |
| Preceded by Mao Zedong |
Chairman of the Communist Party of China 1976 – 1981 |
Succeeded by Hu Yaobang |
| Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission 1976 – 1981 |
Succeeded by Deng Xiaoping |
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| Preceded by Lin Feng |
President of the Central Party School 1977 – 1982 |
Succeeded by Wang Zhen |
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