Prostatic acid phosphatase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Acid phosphatase, prostate
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| PDB rendering based on 1cvi. | ||||||||||||||
| Available structures: 1cvi, 1nd5, 1nd6, 2hpa | ||||||||||||||
| Identifiers | ||||||||||||||
| Symbol(s) | ACPP; ACP-3; ACP3; PAP | |||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 171790 MGI: 1928480 HomoloGene: 55552 | |||||||||||||
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| RNA expression pattern | ||||||||||||||
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| Orthologs | ||||||||||||||
| Human | Mouse | |||||||||||||
| Entrez | 55 | 56318 | ||||||||||||
| Ensembl | ENSG00000014257 | ENSMUSG00000032561 | ||||||||||||
| Uniprot | P15309 | n/a | ||||||||||||
| Refseq | NM_001099 (mRNA) NP_001090 (protein) |
NM_019807 (mRNA) NP_062781 (protein) |
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| Location | Chr 3: 133.52 - 133.57 Mb | Chr 9: 104.15 - 104.2 Mb | ||||||||||||
| Pubmed search | [1] | [2] | ||||||||||||
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is an enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer or other diseases.
This is also the same enzyme that is found in significant amounts in female ejaculate.
The highest levels of acid phosphatase are found in metastasized prostate cancer. Diseases of the bone, such as Paget's disease or hyperparathyroidism, diseases of blood cells, such as sickle-cell disease or multiple myeloma or lysosomal storage diseases, such as Gaucher's disease, will show moderately increased levels.
Certain medications can cause temporary increases or decreases in acid phosphatase levels. Manipulation of the prostate gland through massage, biopsy or rectal exam before a test may increase the level.
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[edit] HIV
PAP may play an important role in the transmission of HIV. Researchers at the University of Ulm in Germany found that PAP forms fibers made of amyloid. They called the fibers Semen-derived Enhancer of Virus Infection (SEVI) and showed that they capture HIV virions promoting their attachment to target cells. The association of PAP with HIV may increase the ability of the virus to infect human cells "by several orders of magnitude." PAP may be a future target of efforts to combat the spread of HIV infection.[1]
[edit] References
- ^ Münch J, Rücker E, Ständker L, Adermann K, Goffinet C, Schindler M, Wildum S, Chinnadurai R, Rajan D, Specht A, Giménez-Gallego G, Sánchez PC, Fowler DM, Koulov A, Kelly JW, Mothes W, Grivel JC, Margolis L, Keppler OT, Forssmann WG, Kirchhoff F (2007). "Semen-Derived Amyloid Fibrils Drastically Enhance HIV Infection". Cell 131 (6): 1059–71. doi:. PMID 18083097.
[edit] Further reading
- Ostrowski WS, Kuciel R (1994). "Human prostatic acid phosphatase: selected properties and practical applications.". Clin. Chim. Acta 226 (2): 121–9. PMID 7923807.
- Cooper JF, Foti AG, Shank PW (1978). "Radioimmunochemical measurement of bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase.". J. Urol. 119 (3): 392–5. PMID 76687.
- Cooper JF, Foti A, Herschman H (1979). "Combined serum and bone marrow radioimmunoassays for prostatic acid phosphatase.". J. Urol. 122 (4): 498–502. PMID 480493.
- Sharief FS, Li SS (1992). "Structure of human prostatic acid phosphatase gene.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 184 (3): 1468–76. PMID 1375464.
- Nguyen L, Chapdelaine A, Chevalier S (1990). "Prostatic acid phosphatase in serum of patients with prostatic cancer is a specific phosphotyrosine acid phosphatase.". Clin. Chem. 36 (8 Pt 1): 1450–5. PMID 1696855.
- Kamoshida S, Tsutsumi Y (1990). "Extraprostatic localization of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen: distribution in cloacogenic glandular epithelium and sex-dependent expression in human anal gland.". Hum. Pathol. 21 (11): 1108–11. PMID 1699876.
- Van Etten RL, Davidson R, Stevis PE, et al. (1991). "Covalent structure, disulfide bonding, and identification of reactive surface and active site residues of human prostatic acid phosphatase.". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (4): 2313–9. PMID 1989985.
- Tailor PG, Govindan MV, Patel PC (1990). "Nucleotide sequence of human prostatic acid phosphatase determined from a full-length cDNA clone.". Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (16): 4928. PMID 2395659.
- Warhol MJ, Longtine JA (1985). "The ultrastructural localization of prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostates.". J. Urol. 134 (3): 607–13. PMID 2411954.
- Sharief FS, Lee H, Leuderman MM, et al. (1989). "Human prostatic acid phosphatase: cDNA cloning, gene mapping and protein sequence homology with lysosomal acid phosphatase.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 160 (1): 79–86. PMID 2712834.
- Vihko P, Virkkunen P, Henttu P, et al. (1988). "Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding human prostatic acid phosphatase.". FEBS Lett. 236 (2): 275–81. PMID 2842184.
- Yeh LC, Lee AJ, Lee NE, et al. (1988). "Molecular cloning of cDNA for human prostatic acid phosphatase.". Gene 60 (2-3): 191–6. PMID 2965059.
- Sharief FS, Li SS (1994). "Nucleotide sequence of human prostatic acid phosphatase ACPP gene, including seven Alu repeats.". Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 33 (3): 561–5. PMID 7951074.
- Virkkunen P, Hedberg P, Palvimo JJ, et al. (1994). "Structural comparison of human and rat prostate-specific acid phosphatase genes and their promoters: identification of putative androgen response elements.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202 (1): 49–57. doi:. PMID 8037752.
- Banas B, Blaschke D, Fittler F, Hörz W (1994). "Analysis of the promoter of the human prostatic acid phosphatase gene.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1217 (2): 188–94. PMID 8110833.
- Ostanin K, Saeed A, Van Etten RL (1994). "Heterologous expression of human prostatic acid phosphatase and site-directed mutagenesis of the enzyme active site.". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (12): 8971–8. PMID 8132635.
- Li SS, Sharief FS (1993). "The prostatic acid phosphatase (ACPP) gene is localized to human chromosome 3q21-q23.". Genomics 17 (3): 765–6. doi:. PMID 8244395.
- Lindqvist Y, Schneider G, Vihko P (1993). "Three-dimensional structure of rat acid phosphatase in complex with L(+)-tartrate.". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (28): 20744–6. PMID 8407898.
- Darson MF, Pacelli A, Roche P, et al. (1997). "Human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma: a novel prostate cancer marker.". Urology 49 (6): 857–62. PMID 9187691.
[edit] External links
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