Pangasinan language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pangasinan
Spoken in:	Philippines
Region:	Central Luzon
Total speakers:	2 million
Language family:	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Borneo-Philippines Northern Luzon South Cordilleran Pangasinan
Writing system:	Latin (Pangasinan variant); Historically written in Pangasinan script
Official status
Official language in:	none
Regulated by:	Komisyon sa Salitang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language)
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	`pag`
ISO 639-3:	`pag`
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan: salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: idioma pangasinense) belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. ^[1] ^[2] Pangasinan is spoken by more than two million Pangasinan people in the province of Pangasinan, in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, and by a significant number of Pangasinan immigrants in the United States. Pangasinan is the primary language in the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf. It is the language spoken by most people in central Pangasinan. It is the official regional language in the province of Pangasinan.

The Pangasinan language is one of the twelve major languages in the Philippines. The total population of the province of Pangasinan is 2,434,086 (National Statistics Office: 2000 Census). The estimated population of the indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language in Pangasinan is 1.5 million.

[edit] Classification

The Pangasinan language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. Pangasinan is similar to the Tagalog and Ilocano languages that are spoken in the Philippines, Indonesian in Indonesia, Malay in Malaysia, and Malagasy in Madagascar. ^[3] The Pangasinan language is very closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet and Baguio City, located north of Pangasinan. The Pangasinan language is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages. The Pangasinic languages are:

Pangasinan
Ibaloi
Karao
I-wak
Kalanguya
Keley-I
Kallahan
Kayapa
Tinoc

The Pangasinic languages are spoken primarily in the provinces of Pangasinan and Benguet, and in some areas of the neighboring provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Ifugao.

Pangasinan is an agglutinative language.

[edit] Distribution

Pangasinan is the primary language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 1.5 million speak Pangasinan. Speakers of the language are concentrated mostly in central Pangasinan. Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in some areas of the neighboring provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Benguet, and by a significant number of Pangasinan immigrants in the United States.

[edit] History

Austronesian-language speakers settled in Maritime Southeast Asia during prehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language are descended from these prehistoric settlers, who were probably part of the prehistoric human migration that is widely believed to have originated from Africa about 100 to 200 thousand years ago.

The word Pangasinan, means “land of salt” or “place of salt-making”; it is derived from the root word asin, the word for "salt" in the Pangasinan language. Pangasinan could also refer to a “container of salt or salted-products”; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.

[edit] Grammar

[edit] Sentence Structure

Like other Malayo-Polynesian languages, Pangasinan language has a Verb–Subject–Object word order.

[edit] Pronouns

[edit] Personal

	Absolutive Independent	Absolutive Enclitic	Ergative	Oblique
1st person singular	siák	ak	-k(o)	ed siak
1st person dual	sikatá	ita, ta	-ta	ed sikata
2nd person singular	siká	ka	-m(o)	ed sika
3rd person singular	sikató	- , -a	to	ed sikato
1st person plural inclusive	sikatayó	itayo, tayo	-tayo	ed sikatayo
1st person plural exclusive	sikamí	kamí	mi	ed sikami
2nd person plural	sikayó	kayó	yo	ed sikayo
3rd person plural	sikara	ira, ra	da	ed sikara

[edit] Demonstrative Pronouns

[edit] Enclitic Particles

[edit] Existential

[edit] Interrogative Words

[edit] Numbers

The following lists the numbers from one to ten in English, Tagalog , Ilokano and Pangasinan.

English	Tagalog	Ilokano	Pangasinan
one	isa	maysa	sakey, isa
two	dalawa	dua	duara, dua
three	tatlo	tallo	talora, talo
four	apat	uppat	apatira, apat
five	lima	lima	limara, lima
six	anim	innem	anemira, anem
seven	pito	pito	pitora, pito
eight	walo	walo	walora, walo
nine	siyam	siam	siamira, siam
ten	sampu	sangapulo	samplura, samplu

[edit] Phonology

Traditional Pangasinan has fifteen consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng, s, h, w, l, r and y. There are five vowels: a, e, i, o, and u. This is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from [ɾ]-[d] allophone. Modern Pangasinan has incorporated from English and Spanish the following seven consonants: c, f, j, q, v, x, and z.

[edit] Alphabet

Modern Pangasinan consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet and the Pangasinan letter NG:

Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	NG	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	ng	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z

[edit] Orthography

See also: Filipino orthography

The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system. The ancient Pangasinan script, which is related to the Tagalog Baybayin script, was derived from the Javanese Kawi script of Indonesia and the Vatteluttu or Pallava script of South India.

The Latin alphabet was introduced during the Spanish colonial period. Pangasinan literature, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish and American colonial period. Pangasinan acquired many Spanish and English words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.

[edit] Pangasinan Literature

The Pangasinan language was preserved and kept alive despite the propagation of the Spanish and English languages. Pangasinan written and oral literature flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejia, and Maria C. Magsano continued to write and publish in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinan officer of the Katipunan, wrote Sipi Awaray: Gelew Diad Pilipinas (Revolucion Filipina), a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wrote Impanbilay na Manoc a Tortola, a short love story. Juan Villamil translated Jose Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adios in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia edited Tunong, a news magazine, in the 1920s. Mejia also wrote Bilay tan Kalkalar nen Rizal, a biography of Jose Rizal. Maria C. Magsano published Silew, a literary magazine. Magsano also wrote Samban Agnabenegan, a romance novel. Pangasinan Courier published articles and literary works in Pangasinan. Pioneer Herald published Sinag, a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available.

Many Pangasinans are multilingual and proficient in English; Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines; and Ilokano, a neighboring language. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan language. Some Pangasinans are promoting the use of Pangasinan in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation of Pangasinan Wikipedia was proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication in the Internet.

[edit] Pangasinan Folk Song: Malinak lay Labi

Malinak lay Labi
A night of calm
Oras la’y mareen
An hour of peace

Mapalpalna’y dagem
A gentle breeze
Katekep to’y linaew
Along with it is the dew

Samit da’y kugip ko
So sweet is my dream
Binangonan kon tampol
Right away I awake

Lapu’d say limgas mo
Because of your beauty
Sikan sika’y amamayoen
You are the only one I will love

Lalo la bilay
Best of all, my life
No sika la’y nanengne'ng
When I see you

Napunas lan amin
All wiped away
So ermen ya akbibiten
The sorrows that I bear

No nanonotan
When I remember
Ko la'y samit day ugalim
Your sweet kindness

Ag ta ka nalingwanan
I will not forget you
Angga’d kauyos na bilay
Till life is gone

[edit] Examples

[edit] Loan Words

Most of loan words in Pangasinan are Spanish, as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples are lugar (place), poder (power, care), kontra (from contra, against), berde (verde, green), espiritu (spirit), and santo (holy, saint).

[edit] Dictionaries and further reading

The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:

Lorenzo Fernández Cosgaya. Diccionario pangasinán-español and Vocabulario hispano-pangasinán (Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1865). This is available in the Internet at the University of Michigan's Humanities Text Initiative.
Anastacio Austria Macaraeg. Vocabulario castellano-pangasinán (1898).
Mariano Pellicer. Arte de la lengua pangasinán o caboloan (1904).
Felixberto B. Viray. The Sounds and Sound Symbols of the Pangasinan Language (1927).
Corporación de PP. Dominicos. Pasion Na Cataoan Tin JesuChristo (U.S.T. Press, 1951).
Paciencia E. Versoza. Stress and Intonation Difficulties of Pangasinan Learners of English (1961).
Paul Morris Schachter. A Contrastive Analysis of English and Pangasinan (1968).
Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Dictionary (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Reference Grammar (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
Richard A. Benton. Spoken Pangasinan (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
Richard A. Benton. Phonotactics of Pangasinan (1972).
Ernesto Constantino. English-Pangasinan Dictionary (1975).
Julio F. Silverio. New English-Pilipino-Pangasinan Dictionary (1976).
Alta Grace Q. Garcia. Morphological Analysis of English and Pangasinan Verbs (1981).
Philippine Bible Society. Say Santa Biblia (Philippine Bible Society, 1982).
Philippine Bible Society. Maung A Balita Para Sayan Panaon Tayo (Philippine Bible Society and United Bible Societies, 1983).
Mario "Guese" Tungol. Modern English-Filipino Dictionary (Merriam Webster, 1993).
Church of Christ. Say Cancanta (Church of Christ, n.d.). Includes translations of English songs like "Joy to the World," and "What A Friend We Have in Jesus."
Emiliano Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Dictionary (2002). The compilation has 20,000 entries.
Traditional Folk Song. Malinak Lay Labi (Calm is the Night).

[edit] References

^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005.. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition..
^ Fox, James J. (August 19-20, 2004). Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies.
^ Greenhill, S. J., Blust. R, & Gray, R.D. (2003-2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database..

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

Pangasinan language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

v • d • e Languages of the Philippines

National language	Filipino

Official languages	English • Filipino

Recognized regional languages	Bikol • Cebuano • Hiligaynon • Ilokano • Kapampangan • Kinaray-a • Maguindanao • Maranao • Pangasinan • Tagalog • Tausug • Waray-Waray

Recognized auxiliary languages	Arabic • Spanish

Language groups	Borneo-Philippines {Central Philippine (Bikol {Inland • Pandan} • Visayan {Aklan • Bisakol}) • (Batanic • Sambalic)}