New Almaden
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Template:Almaden Quicksilver County Park
| New Almaden | |
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| (U.S. National Historic Landmark) | |
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| Nearest city: | San Jose, California |
| Built/Founded: | 1854 |
| Designated as NHL: | July 04, 1961[1] |
| Added to NRHP: | October 15, 1966[2] |
| NRHP Reference#: | 66000236 |
| Governing body: | Local |
The New Almaden Quicksilver Mine in Santa Clara County, California, the oldest and most productive quicksilver mine in the United States, was discovered by the Ohlone indians.
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[edit] History
The following history of New Almaden comes from the on-line book Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California[3].
In 1824, Secundino Robles, a native Californian, was the first non-Indian person to discover the cinnabar deposits, the "mahetka" or vermillion-colored rocks that the Ohlones used for adornment. These deposits are located in the Capitancillo Hills 12 miles from San Jose on land once owned by Jose Reyes Berryessa, a retired sergeant of the Presidio of San Francisco. When Robles told Antonio Sunol and Luis Chabolla about his discovery, they thought they might find gold or silver in the unusual, vermillion-colored, cinnabar deposits high on the hills above Los Alamitos Creek. Finding neither gold or silver, Sunol and Chabolla abandoned their venture.
In 1845, Andres Castillero, a native of Spain and a captain in the Mexican military, visited Alta California and became interested in the red rock he saw at the Mission Santa Clara. Castillero was trained in geology, chemistry, and metallurgy. He was also familiar with the quicksilver mines of La Mancha, Spain. Castillero experimented with the red rock. He fired and roasted samples of it, and concluded the roasted rock was cinnabar, the bearer of mercury.
On November 22, 1845, Castillero filed the required declaration of intent with Pedro Chabolla, the Alcalde of the pueblo of San Jose. Castillero named the mine the Santa Clara[4], and divided ownership into 24 shares: four shares to Father Jose Maria de Real, four to Don Juan Castro, four to Secundino and Teodoro Robles, and 12 for himself. On December 3, 1845, Castillero expanded his declaration to the effect that in conjunction with the claim of silver with a ley of gold, he had definitely discovered quicksilver. He provided sufficient evidence to support his claim. On December 30, 1845, First Alcalde Antonio Maria Pico awarded a certificate of possession to Castillero for 3,000 varas (yards) of land in all directions. Castillero returned to the mine with William Chard, a carpenter he had met in San Jose, and hired Indian workers to build rudimentary furnaces to work the mine.
By August 1846, approximately 3,000 pounds of ore had been fired with favorable results at the Santa Clara site. Realizing, however, that he needed capital, labor, and equipment to develop his mine, Castillero left for Mexico to try to secure the means to develop his venture. He never returned to California. Castillero's services were required by the Mexican military in the mounting conflict between Mexico and the United States.
Late in 1846, Castillero and Juan Castro sold their shares in the Santa Clara to the Barron, Forbes Company, an English industrial firm that operated a cotton mill in Tepic, Mexico. The Barron, Forbes Company changed the Santa Clara's name to the New Almaden, after the famous Almaden quicksilver mine in Spain, which had been operating for centuries. The term Almaden, is derived from Spanish, meaning "the mine".[4]
In the fall of 1847, Alexander Forbes arrived from Mexico with a large crew of workers and equipment, and with John Young, who would superintend the operation. The Barron, Forbes Company initiated the first organized mining operation in the Mexican territory of California. Mexican labor built the major structures at the New Almaden. The "Hacienda de Beneficio", or "reduction works", was built at the gateway to the mine on the banks of Los Alamitos Creek. That structure still stands. Next, workers built small houses over several low ridges in a large, open ravine. The ravine area, known as Deep Gulch, became the location of the Spanishtown settlement, which accommodated the Mexican mining crews and their families. Eventually, three settlements would exist at New Almaden: Spanishtown, Englishtown, and the Hacienda. Spanishtown was the largest of the three. The majority of Spanishtown's people were married and in their younger years.
Mexican labor and Spanish/Mexican mining technology developed the New Almaden Mine during its early years. Most of the early miners were imported from Sonora; their numbers were increased by native Californios and some Chilenos. These laborers built the mine's "planilla", the long, open shed where ore cars were unloaded and crews of laborers broke the ore to specified size and separated it according to its value. In the grading process, the ore was placed in one of three groups, referred to as gruesa, granza, and tierra. Gruesa was the highest grade or purest quality ore; granza was good ore but contained other rock substances; tierra was inferior quality.
Mexican mining operations at the New Almaden were carried on by two groups of workers classified as "Tanateros" and "Mineros." Tanateros were the carriers of ore. Their stamina and physical endurance was severely tested as they brought out the ore over a tortuous course of travel.
The Barron, Forbes Company owned and operated the New Almaden from 1847 to 1863. In 1864, after an eight-year legal battle, the Quicksilver Mining Company of New York and Pennsylvania, which received the favorable verdict in the contest with the Barron, Forbes Company, began operating the mine. During the Barron, Forbes years at the New Almaden, the population was predominantly Mexican. In 1858, New Almaden's population was 1,600, most of whom were Mexican miners and their families.
In 1870, James Butterworth Randol became general manager of the Quicksilver Mining Company at Almaden. Randol, who was impressed by the stability and working techniques of Cornish miners, brought in miners from Cornwall. He also encouraged Cornish miners from the Mother Lode country to come to the Almaden site. Thus, Englishtown was established at New Almaden, now the Quicksilver Mining Company. The Quicksilver Mining Company reorganized the mining operation for more efficient production. This company also established and formalized an authoritarian structure at the mine. New Almaden was henceforth operated as a company town.
The Mexican population at New Almaden decreased in size. A census report at New Almaden for 1890, however, includes 627 Spanish-surnamed people in a population of approximately 1,100. By the turn of the century, most of the Mexican population had moved out of New Almaden. Today, the only remaining traces of the two mining settlements are a picket fence surrounding the old Spanish cemetery, a number of large cactus plants at Spanishtown, and weatherbeaten remnants of the houses, the school and general store at Englishtown.
[edit] Modern times
The entrances to the mines are closed off. After being identified as a superfund site and subsequent containment activities, the mining area can now be visited as part of the Santa Clara County Almaden Quicksilver county park.
Historical life at the New Almaden mine was vividly drawn by Mary Hallock Foote, the wife of Arthur DeWint Foote, the Resident Engineer from 1876. Her illustrated correspondence about New Almaden, "A California Mining Camp", appeared in the February 1878 issue of Scribner's Monthly. New Almaden also features prominently in her memoir A Victorian Gentlewoman in the Far West, which was later fictionalized by Wallace Stegner in his novel Angle of Repose.
It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.[1]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b New Almaden. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2008-01-17.
- ^ National Register Information System. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service (2007-01-23).
- ^ Jose Pitti, Antonia Castaneda, and Carlos Cortes (December 1988). Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California / Mexican Americans in California / Historic Sites / Spanishtown Site, New Almaden, Santa Clara County. Retrieved on 2008-01-17.
- ^ a b Gudde, Erwin; William Bright (2004). California Place Names, Fourth ed., University of California Press, p. 9. ISBN 0-520-24217-3.
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