Manhasset negotiations
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The Manhasset negotiations (also known as Manhasset I, II, III and IV) were a series of talks that took place in four rounds at Manhasset, New York between the Moroccan government and the representatives of the Sahrawi Polisario front rebel movement to resolve the Western Sahara conflict. They are considered the first direct negotiations in seven years between the two parties.[1] Also present at the negotiations the neighboring countries, Algeria and Mauritania.
The negotiations are a result of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1754 of April 30, 2007 which urged both parties to "enter into direct negotiations without preconditions and in good faith." The resolution also stipulated the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) mission extension until October 31, 2007.[2]
The first round of talks took place on June 19-20, 2007 during which both parties agreed to resume talks on August 10-11. The second round ended with no breakthroughs but parties agreed again to meet for another round though no date has been fixed yet. During the last round which took place between January 8th and 9th, 2008, parties agreed on "the need to move into a more intensive and substantive phase of negotiations".[3] A fourth round of talks was held from 18 March to 19 March 2008.[4] The negotiations were being supervised by Peter van Walsum, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon's personal envoy for Western Sahara.[5]
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[edit] Background
The Manhasset rounds can be considered as the third attempt to reach a peaceful solution for the Western Sahara conflict. In 1991, a cease-fire agreement was concluded, which planned for a self-determination referendum (between annexation to Morocco and independence as the SADR) in 1992. Because of disagreements over who should be allowed to vote, the referendum was repeatedly postponed. Polisario claimed that Morocco had brought large numbers of illegal settlers into the territory to outweigh the indigenous vote, and insisted on the 1991 agreement's use of a Spanish census, taken immediately before the Moroccan takeover in 1975, as the basis of voter registration. Morocco, for its part, argued that these people were in fact Sahrawis, and that no vote could take place without them.
In 1997, after US-backed meditation, Morocco and the Polisario Front went through what is known as the Houston Agreement which restarted the referendum process. The UN's Minurso mission, tasked with keeping the peace and organizing the vote on independence, concluded its pre-referendum voter registration in 1999, with a preliminary list of approximately 85,000 voters.[6] Morocco protested the exclusion of large numbers of people it had claimed were of Western Saharan descent, who had been refused voting rights after interviews by Minurso on-site inspection teams, and subsequently refused to accept the survey. When the kingdom launched some 130,000 individual appeals, UN officials admitted that the process had again entered a deadlock.[7]
Starting 2000, there were new attempts to salvage the peace process, like the Baker Plan (Plans I and II); again with forceful US backing. These documents both involved full voting rights for all persons resident in the territory, including those Polisario had referred to as "settlers", irrespective of what Minurso's voter identification commission had arrived at. The first Baker plan was circulated as a draft, and energetically supported by Morocco, but after Polisario and its backer, Algeria, voiced equally strong opposition, it was discarded by the Security Council. In contrast, the latter, more detailed version was sponsored by a UN Security Council resolution (SCR 1495) in the summer of 2003, and thereafter cautiously accepted by Polisario, allegedly after strong Algerian pressure[8]. However, it was categorically refused by Morocco on the grounds that it included independence as a ballot option; after the arrival of Mohammed VI of Morocco to the throne, in 1999, Morocco had reneged on its 1991 and 1997 agreements on a vote on independence. Polisario argued that Morocco had thus broken a main condition of the 1991 cease-fire agreement, which had wholly hinged on the independence referendum, but despite this, it did not resume fighting.
Another deadlock ensued, during which Morocco made known that it was readying a proposal for autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty. Polisario agreed to enter autonomy as a third option on the referendum ballot, but refused to discuss any referendum that did not allow for the possibility of independence, arguing that such a referendum could not constitute self-determination in the legal sense of the term.
[edit] Delegations
[edit] Morocco
The only absent at Manhasset II in the Moroccan delegation was Fouad Ali El Himma, the former Delegate Minister to the Interior. The participants were:
- Chakib Benmoussa, Interior Minister and lead negotiator,
- Taieb Fassi Fihri, Deputy Foreign Minister,
- Khalihenna Ould Errachid, Chairman of CORCAS,
- Yassine Mansouri, head of Morocco's intelligence (DGED),
- Mohamed Saleh Tamek, super governor of the of Rio de Oro (Oued Dahab) province,
- CORCAS Secretary General Maoulainine Khallihenna.
Other top-level government officials from the Southern Provinces are also part of the delegation.[9]
[edit] Polisario Front
- Mahfoud Ali Beiba, President of the Sahrawi National Council and Head of the Polisario delegation,
- Bachir Radhi Segaiar, an adviser to Polisario leader Mohammed Abdelaziz,
- Ahmed Boukhari, Polisario representative at the UN,
- Brahim Ghali
- Mohamed Khadad
- Sidi M. Omar
[edit] Algeria
- Abdallah Baali, Ambassador, adviser at the Foreign Affairs Ministry,
- Youcef Yousfi, Algerian Ambassador to the UN,
[edit] Mauritania
- Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar, Ambassador in Spain
- Abderrahim Ould Hadrami, Ambassador to the UN
- Abdelhafid Hemmaz, adviser at the Foreign Ministry
[edit] References and notes
- ^ Morocco and Polisario Front to hold second meeting to resolve 32-year dispute (pdf). International Herald Tribune. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ Resolution 1754 (2007) (pdf). United Nations Security Council. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ Western Sahara: UN-led talks end with parties pledging to step up negotiations. UN News Centre. Retrieved on 2008-01-09.
- ^ afrol News - W. Sahara talks continues
- ^ Secretary-General appoints Peter van Walsum of the Netherlands as Personal Envoy for Western Sahara (pdf). United Nations. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ Minurso
- ^ For an extensive review of the voter registration process, especially its early stages, by a top UN responsible at the time, see Erik Jensen, Western Sahara. Anatomy of a Stalemate (Lynne Rienner, December 2004)
- ^ Toby Shelley, Behind the Baker Plan for Western Sahara (MERIP, August 1, 2003)
- ^ Moroccan delegation. Maghreb Arabe Presse. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
