Madrid Accords
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The Madrid Accords, also called Madrid Agreement or Madrid Pact, was a treaty between Spain, Morocco, and Mauritania to end the Spanish presence in the territory of Spanish Sahara, which was until the Madrid Accords' inception a Spanish province and former colony. It was signed in Madrid on November 14, 1975, and ratified by the Spanish Parliament (Cortes) on November 18. Per the agreement, the territory would then be divided between Morocco and Mauritania.
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[edit] Background
The province's future had been in dispute for several years, with both Morocco and Mauritania demanding its full annexation to their territory and Spain attempting to introduce either a regime of internal autonomy or a Sahrawi pro-Spanish independent state. Additionally, an independent group of indigenous Sahrawis called the Polisario Front sought independence through guerilla warfare. The United Nations had since 1963 regarded the area as a colony, and demanded self-determination for it in accordance with General Assembly Resolution 1514.
[edit] Motivations of the parties
The Madrid Accords followed on the heels of the Green March, a 350,000 strong Moroccan demonstration called by king Hassan II, intended to put pressure on Spanish authorities. Rabat had been claiming the territory as historically Moroccan since its accession to independence in 1956. Immediately after independence, the Moroccan Liberation Army's southern branch, the Saharan Liberation Army, had battled Spanish troops in Sidi Ifni, Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro, and managed to free most of the territory. Madrid later regained full control in 1958 with French help. Moroccan demands for the territory continued in the 1960s and increased in intensity in the early 1970s as it became apparent that colonialism was expiring[citation needed].
Thompson and Adloff argue (eg. p. 132-134, 164-167) that the Green March, as well as increasingly heated rhetorical exchanges between Madrid and Rabat had convinced Spain that Morocco was willing to enter into war over the territory; a CIA memorandum to Henry Kissinger had stated as much in early October 1975.[1] With Spanish leader Francisco Franco dying (he had entered into a coma, and died on November 20), the government was anxious to avoid conflict, and decided to split the territory in order to preserve maximum possible influence and economic benefit.
President Mokhtar Ould Daddah had claimed the territory as part of "Greater Mauritania" even before independence (Ould Ahmed Salem, p. 498). Some argue that the intent of Mauritania's claims was to keep Morocco's border with Mauritania further away. Reversely, Rabat claimed that both Spanish Sahara and Mauritania were parts of Morocco. They did so until 1969, when the latter claim regarding Mauritania was dropped.[2] (Thompson & Adloff, p. 55-57, 145-147).
[edit] Content and importance
Thompson and Adloff writes,
- "According to [the treaty's] publicised terms, Spain agreed to decolonise the Sahara and leave the area before 28 February 1976. In the interim, the territory would be administered by the Spanish governor general, assisted by two Moroccan and Mauritanian deputy governors, who would respect Sahraoui public opinion as expressed through the yemaa. (...) As to the Bu Craa (a phosphate mine) deposits, Spain would retain 35 per cent of the shares in the Fosbucraa company, and a portion of the 65 per cent that would go to Morocco would presumably be allotted to Mauritania. Reportedly there were unpublicised agreements among the three signatories that gave satisfaction to Spain as regards its fishing rights and included a postponement of further Moroccan demands for the presidios, as well as compensation for repatriated Spanish and Canary Island civilians." (p. 175)
The United States Library of Congress study of Mauritania (1990) states that,
- "In early 1975, both Morocco and Mauritania agreed to abide by the decision of the International Court of Justice on the status of the Spanish Sahara, but when the court ruled in October 1975 that neither country was entitled to claim sovereignty over the territory, both governments chose to ignore the decision. In November 1975, they concluded the Madrid Agreements with Spain under which Morocco acquired the northern two-thirds of the territory, while Mauritania acquired the southern third. The agreement also included the proviso that Spain would retain shares in the Bu Craa mining enterprise. Mauritania acquiesced to the agreements under the assumption, probably correct, that Morocco, with its superior military power, would otherwise have absorbed the entire territory."[3][4]
[edit] Results
The agreement was bitterly opposed by Algeria and the Polisario Front, which remained committed to independence. Algeria dispatched a high-level delegation to Madrid in order to pressure Spain not to sign the Accords and started supporting the Polisario Front militarily and diplomatically by early 1975. Algeria officially viewed its opposition as a way to uphold the UN charter and combat colonialism, although many observers believed that Algeria also wanted to counter Morocco's influence and gain access to the Atlantic Ocean. A long-standing rivalry between the two countries contributed to the tense relations.
The Boumédiène government consequently broke with Morocco, and started supplying the Polisario guerrillas with weapons and refuge, all the while condemning the Accords internationally. Algeria expelled some 45,000 Moroccan citizens then living in Algeria[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. , and began radio broadcasts in support of both the Polisario and - more briefly - a separatist group in the Canary Islands, the latter presumably in an attempt to punish Spain. (Thompson & Adloff, p. 151, 176.)
As Morocco and Mauritania moved in to assert their claims, armed clashes erupted between the two countries' troops and Polisario. Polisario and Algeria both deemed the advance of Morocco and Mauritania as invasion while Morocco and Mauritania saw the fight against Polisario as a fight against a separatist group. In support of Polisario, Algeria sent troops deep into the territory, but they eventually retreated after the Amgala war in 1976.
The clashes turned into a 17-year long war, during which Mauritania was forced to retreat, abandoning all claims to the region, in 1979. As an effect of the conflict, a part of the territory's population became refugees. It was finally ended with a cease-fire in 1991.
Today, the status of the territory, now called Western Sahara, remains in dispute.
[edit] International status of the Accords
The United Nations recognizes Morocco's de facto administrative control over the Southern Provinces . The MINURSO mission was started by the UN to facilitate negotiations, such as a referendum, but which has not yet taken place.
The Polisario has declared itself to be an Algeria-based government-in-exile, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), which has been admitted as a member to the African Union, but which has not been recognised by the UN.
[edit] Text of the Madrid Accords:
The following is the published text of the Madrid Accords:[5]
- On November 14, 1975, the delegations lawfully representing the Governments of Spain, Morocco and Mauritania, meeting in Madrid, stated that they had agreed in order on the following principles:
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- 1. Spain confirms its resolve, repeatedly stated in the United Nations, to decolonize the Territory of Western Sahara by terminating the responsibilities and powers which it possesses over that Territory as administering Power.
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- 2. In conformity with the aforementioned determination and in accordance with the negotiations advocated by the United Nations with the affected parties, Spain will proceed forthwith to institute a temporary administration in the Territory, in which Morocco and Mauritania will participate in collaboration with the Djemaa and to which will be transferred all the responsibilities and powers referred to in the preceding paragraph. It is accordingly agreed that two Deputy Governors nominated by Morocco and Mauritania shall be appointed to assist the Governor-General of the Territory in the performance of his functions. The termination of the Spanish presence in the Territory will be completed by February 28, 1976 at the latest.
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- 3. The views of the Saharan population, expressed through the Djemaa, will be respected.
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- 4. The three countries will inform the Secretary General of the United Nations of the terms set down in this instrument as a result of the negotiations entered into in accordance with Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations.
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- 5. The three countries involved declare that they arrived at the foregoing conclusions in the highest spirit of understanding and brotherhood, with due respect for the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and as the best possible contribution to the maintenance of international peace and security.
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- 6. This instrument shall enter into force on the date of publication in the Boletin Oficial del Estado of the 'Sahara Decolonization Act' authorising the Spanish Government to assume the commitments conditionally set forth in this instrument."
- This declaration was signed by the president of the government Carlos Arias Navarro, for Spain; the Prime Minister, Ahmed Osman, for Morocco; and the Foreign Minister, Hamdi Ould Mouknass, for Mauritania.
[edit] Further reading
- Douglas E. Ashford, John Hopkins University, The Irredentist Appeal in Morocco and Mauritania, The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 5, 1962-12, p. 641-651
- Tony Hodges (1983), Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War, Lawrence Hill Books (ISBN 0-88208-152-7)
- Anthony G. Pazzanita (2006), Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, Scarecrow Press
- Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, "Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State", Journal of North Africa Studies, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Sep-Dec. 2005, p. 491-506.
- Pennell, C. R. (2000), Morocco since 1830. A History, New York University Press (ISBN 0-8147-6676-5)
- Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff (1980), The Western Saharans. Background to Conflict, Barnes & Noble Books (ISBN 0-389-20148-0)
[edit] External links
- Mundy, Jacob, "How the US and Morocco seized Western Sahara", January 2006.
[edit] References
- ^ Telquel - Maroc/Algérie.Bluff et petites manœuvres
- ^ Aljazeera.net
- ^ La Gazette du Maroc: La "Répudiation massive" de l’Algérie des colonels !
- ^ Maroc Hebdo International: JUGEMENT DERNIER
- ^ Le Drame des 40.000
- ^ Mohamed ELYAZGHI au Matin du Sahara: Solution politique au Sahara et refondation de nos relations avec Alger.
- ^ Minorites.org
- ^ Revue de Presse des Quotidiens
