London low emission zone

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Low emission zone
Location	Greater London
Launched	2008
Technology	Fixed and mobile CCTV
	Number plate recognition
Operator	IBM (from 2009)
Manager	Transport for London
Currency	GBP
Retailed	Online
	Telephone
	Post
Website	http://www.tfl.gov.uk/lez

The London Low Emission Zone (LEZ) is a charging scheme with the stated aim of reducing the pollution emissions of diesel-powered commercial vehicles in London, England. Vehicles are defined by their emissions and those that exceed pre-determined levels are charged to enter Greater London. The low emission zone started operating on 4 February 2008. There is a planned phased introduction of an increasingly stricter regime up to 2012, when it will be fully operational. The scheme is administered by the Transport for London executive agency within the Greater London Authority.

Contents 1 Background 2 Scheme 3 Reaction 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Background

Airborne pollution in London is the worst in the United Kingdom, and amongst the worst in Europe, and roadside pollution has been rising for two years.^[1][2][3] A Green Party report stated that in 2007, nine sites in London exceed the EU limits for air pollution, in 2000 it was only one.^[4] Since 1993 the London Air Quality Network of King's College London has co-ordinated the monitoring of air pollution across 30 London boroughs and Heathrow, and has noted that in 2005-6 almost all road and kerbside monitoring sites across greater London exceeded the annual average limits for nitrogen dioxide of 40 μgm-3 (21 ppb), with eleven sites exceeding the hourly limits of 200 μgm-3 (105 ppb) on at least 18 occasions each. (The A23 at Brixton suffered the most consistently high levels for more than two-fifths of the period.) This compares to 2002 when only one site exceeded these limits. They also note that carbon monoxide levels reduced rapidly during the late 1990’s and have been relatively stable since 2002.^[5]

72% of the population is concerned about air quality. Transport for London (TfL) have stated that there are an estimated 1,000 premature deaths and a further 1,000 hospital admissions annually, due to poor air quality from all causes.^[6]

Towards the end of 2006, the Mayor of London proposed changing the congestion charge fee, from being a flat rate for all qualifying vehicles, to being based on Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) bands.^[7] VED bands for new vehicles are based on the results of a laboratory test, designed to calculate the theoretical potential emissions of the vehicle in grammes of CO₂ per kilometre travelled, under ideal conditions. The resulting figures, described as "deeply flawed" by the editor-in-chief of What Car? magazine, are then used to define the band in which a particular vehicle falls. The lowest band, Band A, is for vehicles with a calculated CO₂ value of up to 100 g/km, the highest band, Band G, is for vehicles with a CO₂ value of greater than 225 g/km.^[8] Under the proposed modifications to the scheme, vehicles falling into Band A would have a reduced, or even zero charge, whilst those in Band G would be charged at £25 per day. Certain categories of vehicle, including electric vehicles, are already exempt from the charge.^[9][10] These proposals were put out to public consultation in August 2007.^[11]

In early 2006, consultations began on another charging scheme for motor vehicles entering London. Under this new scheme, a daily charge would be applied to the vehicles responsible for most of London's road traffic emissions, commercial vehicles – such as lorries, buses and coaches, with diesel engines. Cars were explicitly excluded. The stated objective of the new scheme is to help London meet its European Union (EU) air pollution obligations - specifically the EU Air Quality Framework Directive - as part of the Mayor's programme to make London the greenest city in the world. Despite some opposition, on May 9, 2007 the Mayor confirmed that he would proceed with a London Low Emission Zone, focused entirely on vehicle emissions, that plans to reduce emissions overall by 16% by 2012.^[1]

TfL, who are responsible for introducing the scheme under direction from the Mayor of London, have operated a public information campaign both in the media and at poster sites as well as road shows at service stations, transport cafes, markets and ports.^[12] London currently has levels of air pollution among the worst in Europe and road transport related emissions account for around half of total emissions of PM10 and NOx in the capital. The Low Emission Zone targets the worst emitters of these pollutants, older diesel-engined lorries, buses, coaches, vans, minibuses and other heavy vehicles that are derived from lorries and vans such as motor caravans and motorised horse boxes^[13]

[edit] Scheme

The LEZ initially came into effect on 4 February 2008 covering most of Greater London, though in some places the zone deviates to allow diversionary routes and facilities to turn around without entering the zone. The M25 motorway is not included in the scheme where it enters Greater London for short stretches in the west, north and east.^[14] Signage indicates the boundaries of the zone which operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.^[15] - the largest such zone in the world.^[1] There will be a phased introduction of further provisions through to January 2012. Different vehicles will be affected over time and increasingly tougher emissions standards will apply.^[16]

Vehicle	Feb 2008	Jul 2008	Jan 2012
Lorries (over 12 tonnes)	Euro 3		Euro 4
Lorries (3.5-12 tonnes), buses and coaches	n/a	Euro 3	Euro 4
Minibuses and vans (1.205-tonnes)		Euro 3
Motor caravans and ambulances (2.5-3.5 tonnes)[16]		Euro 3

The scheme applies to diesel engine vehicles over 1.205 tonnes^[13] which must be registered with TfL. The scheme does not affect cars or motorcycles.^[17] Vehicles that do not meet these requirements will have to pay a fee of £200^[1] with failure to pay resulting in a fine of up to £1,500.^[18] A limited range of vehicles are exempted or able to obtain a discount from the charge.^[19] Payment of the LEZ charge is in addition to any congestion charge required.^[20] TfL have stated that for the first 28 days of the scheme non compliant vehicles entering the zone will result in the owners getting a warning as opposed to the fine. Some vehicles will not have been adjusted to reduce their emissions due to high demand for the equipment required.^[21][22]

Vehicles registered after October 2001 will generally be compliant with the first stages of the zone as from this date Euro 3 engine compliance was a mandatory requirement. Specific engines registered before October 2001 may also be compliant. Vehicles not specifically listed can be registered with TfL subject to obtaining a Low Emission Certificate (LEC) from the Vehicle and Operator Services Agency (VOSA) subject to passing a supplementary smoke test (around 4,000 certificates issued as of 6 December 2007),^{[citation needed]} or for non UK vehicles a specified operator certificate.^[23] Most vehicles do not need to be registered as TfL have compiled a list of compliant vehicles from information held by Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA), VOSA and the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders.^[24]

Like the congestion charge, the zone is monitored using Automatic Number Plate Reading Cameras (ANPR) to record number plates.^[25] Vehicles entering or moving around the zone are checked against the records of the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA)^[1] to enable TfL to pursue vehicles that have not paid. For vehicles registered outside of Great Britain, an international debt recovery agency will be used to obtain unpaid charges and fines.^[25] The scheme will be operated on a day-to-day basis by IBM from November 2009.^[26]

[edit] Reaction

The scheme was opposed during the consultation phase by a range of stake holders. The Freight Transport Association proposed an alternative scheme, reliant on a replacement cycle of vehicles, with lorries over 8 years old being liable, with higher years for other vehicles. They also stated that the standards were different than the forthcoming Euro 5 requirements as well suggesting the scheme did not do anything to help reduce CO2 emissions.^[27] The Road Haulage Association opposed the scheme, stating the costs to hauliers and benefits to the environment did not justify its introduction.^[1]

Schools and St. John Ambulance have expressed concern about the additional costs that the scheme will bring them, particularly in light of the restricted budgets they operate in.^[6]

The proposals were welcomed by the British Lung Foundation and the British Heart Foundation. London First, a business organisation, criticised aspects of the scheme with relation to the categorisation of vehicles, but supported the principle.^[1]

[edit] See also

• London congestion charge
• Motoring taxation in the United Kingdom

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• TfL - Low Emission Zone website
• TfL - Online compliance checker
• TfL - List of compliant vehicles
• Freight Transport Association - Low Emission Zone pages
• London Air Quality Network

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